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/* ==================================================================================================================================================
         Project: NeoPixel Playground
Neopixel chipset: ws2812B  (144 LED/m strip)
          Author: Scott C
         Created: 12th June 2015
     Arduino IDE: 1.6.4
         Website: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/p/arduino-basics-projects-page.html
     Description: This project will allow you to cycle through and control five LED
                  animation sequences using a potentiometer and an accelerometer
                     Sequence 1:   Cylon with Hue Control                                       Control: Potentiometer only
                     Sequence 2:   Cylon with Brightness Control                                Control: Potentiometer only
                     Sequence 3:   Comet effect with Hue and direction control                  Control: Potentiometer and Accelerometer (Y axis only)
                     Sequence 4:   FireStarter / Rainbow effect with Hue and Direction control  Control: Potentiometer and Accelerometer (Y axis only)
                     Sequence 5:   Digital Spirit Level                                         Control: Accelerometer only (Y axis)
            
                  This project makes use of the FastLED library. Some of the code below was adapted from the FastLED library examples (eg. Cylon routine).
                  The Comet, FireStarter and Digital Spirit Level sequence was designed by ScottC.
                  The FastLED library can be found here: http://fastled.io/
                  You may need to modify the code below to accomodate your specific LED strip. See the FastLED library site for more details.
===================================================================================================================================================== */

//This project needs the FastLED library - link in the description.
#include "FastLED.h"

//The total number of LEDs being used is 144
#define NUM_LEDS 144

// The data pin for the NeoPixel strip is connected to digital Pin 6 on the Arduino
#define DATA_PIN 6

//Initialise the LED array, the LED Hue (ledh) array, and the LED Brightness (ledb) array.
CRGB leds[NUM_LEDS];
byte ledh[NUM_LEDS];
byte ledb[NUM_LEDS];

//Pin connections
const int potPin = A0;      // The potentiometer signal pin is connected to Arduino's Analog Pin 0
const int yPin = A4;        // Y pin on accelerometer is connected to Arduino's Analog Pin 4
                            // The accelerometer's X Pin and the Z Pin were not used in this sketch

//Global Variables ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
byte potVal;                // potVal:      stores the potentiometer signal value
byte prevPotVal=0;          // prevPotVal:  stores the previous potentiometer value
int LEDSpeed=1;             // LEDSpeed:    stores the "speed" of the LED animation sequence
int maxLEDSpeed = 50;       // maxLEDSpeed: identifies the maximum speed of the LED animation sequence
int LEDAccel=0;             // LEDAccel:    stores the acceleration value of the LED animation sequence (to speed it up or slow it down)
int LEDPosition=72;         // LEDPosition: identifies the LED within the strip to modify (leading LED). The number will be between 0-143.  (Zero to NUM_LEDS-1)
int oldPos=0;               // oldPos:      holds the previous position of the leading LED
byte hue = 0;               // hue:         stores the leading LED's hue value
byte intensity = 150;       // intensity:   the default brightness of the leading LED
byte bright = 80;           // bright:      this variable is used to modify the brightness of the trailing LEDs
int animationDelay = 0;     // animationDelay: is used in the animation Speed calculation. The greater the animationDelay, the slower the LED sequence.
int effect = 0;             // effect:      is used to differentiate and select one out of the four effects
int sparkTest = 0;          // sparkTest:   variable used in the "sparkle" LED animation sequence 
boolean constSpeed = false; // constSpeed:  toggle between constant and variable speed.


//===================================================================================================================================================
// setup() : Is used to initialise the LED strip
//===================================================================================================================================================
void setup() {
    delay(2000);          //Delay for two seconds to power the LEDS before starting the data signal on the Arduino
    FastLED.addLeds<WS2812B, DATA_PIN, GRB>(leds, NUM_LEDS);                            //initialise the LED strip       
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// loop() : The Arduino will take readings from the potentiometer and accelerometer to control the LED strip
//===================================================================================================================================================
void loop(){
  readPotentiometer();           
  adjustSpeed();
  constrainLEDs();
 
  switch(effect){
    case 0:                                               // 1st effect : Cylon with Hue control - using Potentiometer 
      cylonWithHueControl();
      break;
      
    case 1:                                               // 2nd effect : Cylon with Brightness control - using Potentiometer
      cylonWithBrightnessControl();
      break;
      
    case 2:                                               // 3rd effect : Comet effect. Hue controlled by potentiometer, direction by accelerometer
      cometEffect();
      break;
      
    case 3:                                               // 4th effect : FireStarter / Rainbow Sparkle effect. Direction controlled by accelerometer, sparkle by potentiometer.
      fireStarter(); 
      break;
    
    case 4:
      levelSense();                                        // 5th effect : LevelSense - uses the accelerometer to create a digital "spirit" level.
      break;
  }
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// readPotentiometer() : Take a potentiometer reading. This value will be used to control various LED animations, and to choose the animation sequence to display.
//===================================================================================================================================================
void readPotentiometer(){
  //Take a reading from the potentiometer and convert the value into a number between 0 and 255
  potVal = map(analogRead(potPin), 0, 1023 , 0, 255);
  
  // If the potentiometer reading is equal to zero, then move to the next effect in the list.
  if(potVal==0){
    if(prevPotVal>0){   // This allows us to switch effects only when the potentiometer reading has changed to zero (from a positive number). Multiple zero readings will be ignored.
      prevPotVal = 0;   // Set the prev pot value to zero in order to ignore replicate zero readings.
      effect++;         // Go to the next effect.
      if(effect>4){
        effect=0;       // Go back to the first effect after the fifth effect.
      }
    }
  }
  prevPotVal=potVal;    // Keep track of the previous potentiometer reading
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// adjustSpeed() : use the Y axis value of the accelerometer to adjust the speed and the direction of the LED animation sequence
//===================================================================================================================================================
void adjustSpeed(){
  // Take a reading from the Y Pin of the accelerometer and adjust the value so that 
  // positive numbers move in one direction, and negative numbers move in the opposite diraction. 
  // We use the map function to convert the accelerometer readings, and the constrain function to ensure that it stays within the desired limits
  // The values of 230 and 640 were determined by trial and error and are specific to my accelerometer. You will need to adjust these numbers to suit your module.
  
  LEDAccel = constrain(map(analogRead(yPin), 230, 640 , maxLEDSpeed, -maxLEDSpeed),-maxLEDSpeed, maxLEDSpeed);
  
  
  // If the constSpeed variable is "true", then make sure that the speed of the animation is constant by modifying the LEDSpeed and LEDAccel variables.
  if(constSpeed){
    LEDAccel=0; 
    if(LEDSpeed>0){
      LEDSpeed = maxLEDSpeed/1.1;     // Adjust the LEDSpeed to half the maximum speed in the positive direction
    } 
    if (LEDSpeed<0){
      LEDSpeed = -maxLEDSpeed/1.1;    // Adjust the LEDSpeed to half the maximum speed in the negative direction
    }
  } 
 
  // The Speed of the LED animation sequence can increase (accelerate), decrease (decelerate) or stay the same (constant speed)
  LEDSpeed = LEDSpeed + LEDAccel;                        
  
  //The following lines of code are used to control the direction of the LED animation sequence, and limit the speed of that animation. 
  if (LEDSpeed>0){
    LEDPosition++;                                       // Illuminate the LED in the Next position
    if (LEDSpeed>maxLEDSpeed){
      LEDSpeed=maxLEDSpeed;                              // Ensure that the speed does not go beyond the maximum speed in the positive direction
    }
  }
  
  if (LEDSpeed<0){
    LEDPosition--;                                       // Illuminate the LED in the Prior position
    if (LEDSpeed<-maxLEDSpeed){
      LEDSpeed = -maxLEDSpeed;                           // Ensure that the speed does not go beyond the maximum speed in the negative direction
    }
  }
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// constrainLEDs() : This ensures that the LED animation sequence remains within the boundaries of the various arrays (and the LED strip)
//                   and it also creates a "bouncing" effect at both ends of the LED strip.
//===================================================================================================================================================
void constrainLEDs(){
  LEDPosition = constrain(LEDPosition, 0, NUM_LEDS-1);    // Make sure that the LEDs stay within the boundaries of the LED strip
  if(LEDPosition == 0 || LEDPosition == NUM_LEDS-1) {
    LEDSpeed = (LEDSpeed * -0.9);                         // Reverse the direction of movement when LED gets to end of strip. This creates a bouncing ball effect.
  }
}



//===================================================================================================================================================
// cylonWithHueControl() :  This is the 1st LED effect. The cylon colour is controlled by the potentiometer. The speed is constant.
//===================================================================================================================================================
void cylonWithHueControl(){
      constSpeed = true;                                  // Make the LED animation speed constant
      showLED(LEDPosition, potVal, 255, intensity);       // Illuminate the LED
      fadeLEDs(8);                                        // Fade LEDs by a value of 8. Higher numbers will create a shorter tail.
      setDelay(LEDSpeed);                                 // The LEDSpeed is constant, so the delay is constant
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// cylonWithBrightnessControl() : This is the 2nd LED effect. The cylon colour is red (hue=0), and the brightness is controlled by the potentiometer
//===================================================================================================================================================
void cylonWithBrightnessControl(){
      constSpeed = true;                                  // Make speed constant
      showLED(LEDPosition, 0, 255, potVal);               // Brightness is controlled by potentiometer.
      fadeLEDs(16);                                       // Fade LEDs by a value of 16
      setDelay(LEDSpeed);                                 // The LEDSpeed is constant, so the delay is constant
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// cometEffect() :  This is the 3rd LED effect. The random brightness of the trailing LEDs produces an interesting comet-like effect.
//===================================================================================================================================================
void cometEffect(){
      constSpeed = false;                                  // The speed will be controlled by the slope of the accelerometer (y-Axis)
      showLED(LEDPosition, potVal, 255, intensity);        // Hue will change with potentiometer.
      
      //The following lines create the comet effect 
      bright = random(50, 100);                            // Randomly select a brightness between 50 and 100
      leds[LEDPosition] = CHSV((potVal+40),255, bright);   // The trailing LEDs will have a different hue to the leading LED, and will have a random brightness
      fadeLEDs(8);                                         // This will affect the length of the Trailing LEDs
      setDelay(LEDSpeed);                                  // The LEDSpeed will be affected by the slope of the Accelerometer's y-Axis
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// fireStarter() : This is the 4th LED effect. It starts off looking like a ball of fire, leaving a trail of little fires. But as you
//                 turn the potentiometer, it becomes more like a shooting star with a rainbow-sparkle trail.
//===================================================================================================================================================
void fireStarter(){
      constSpeed = false;                                  // The speed will be controlled by the slope of the accelerometer (y-Axis)
      ledh[LEDPosition] = potVal;                          // Hue is controlled by potentiometer
      showLED(LEDPosition, ledh[LEDPosition], 255, intensity); 
      
      //The following lines create the fire starter effect
      bright = random(50, 100);                            // Randomly select a brightness between 50 and 100
      ledb[LEDPosition] = bright;                          // Assign this random brightness value to the trailing LEDs
      sparkle(potVal/5);                                   // Call the sparkle routine to create that sparkling effect. The potentiometer controls the difference in hue from LED to LED.
      fadeLEDs(1);                                         // A low number creates a longer tail
      setDelay(LEDSpeed);                                  // The LEDSpeed will be affected by the slope of the Accelerometer's y-Axis
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// levelSense() : This is the 5th and final LED effect. The accelerometer is used in conjunction with the LED strip to create a digital "Spirit" Level.
//                You can use the illuminated LEDs to identify the angle of the LED strip
//===================================================================================================================================================
void levelSense(){
      constSpeed = true;
      LEDPosition = constrain(map(analogRead(yPin), 230, 640, 1, NUM_LEDS-1), 0 , NUM_LEDS-1);
      
      //Jitter correction: this will reduce the amount of jitter caused by the accelerometer reading variability
      if(abs(LEDPosition-oldPos) < 2){
        LEDPosition = oldPos;
      }
      
      //The following lines of code will ensure the colours remain within the red to green range, with green in the middle and red at the ends.
      hue = map(LEDPosition, 0, NUM_LEDS-1, 0, 200);
      if (hue>100){
         hue = 200 - hue;
      }
      
      //Illuminate 2 LEDs next to each other
      showLED(LEDPosition, hue, 255, intensity); 
      showLED(LEDPosition-1, hue, 255, intensity);              
      
      //If the position moves, then fade the old LED positions by a factor of 25 (high numbers mean shorter tail)
      fadeLEDs(25);                               
      oldPos = LEDPosition; 
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// fadeLEDs(): This function is used to fade the LEDs back to black (OFF) 
//===================================================================================================================================================
void fadeLEDs(int fadeVal){
  for (int i = 0; i<NUM_LEDS; i++){
    leds[i].fadeToBlackBy( fadeVal );
  }
}



//===================================================================================================================================================
// showLED() : is used to illuminate the LEDs 
//===================================================================================================================================================
void showLED(int pos, byte LEDhue, byte LEDsat, byte LEDbright){
  leds[pos] = CHSV(LEDhue,LEDsat,LEDbright);
  FastLED.show();
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// setDelay() : is where the speed of the LED animation sequence is controlled. The speed of the animation is controlled by the LEDSpeed variable.
//              and cannot go faster than the maxLEDSpeed variable.
//===================================================================================================================================================
void setDelay(int LSpeed){
  animationDelay = maxLEDSpeed - abs(LSpeed);
  delay(animationDelay);
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// sparkle() : is used by the fireStarter routine to create a sparkling/fire-like effect
//             Each LED hue and brightness is monitored and modified using arrays  (ledh[]  and ledb[])
//===================================================================================================================================================
void sparkle(byte hDiff){
  for(int i = 0; i < NUM_LEDS; i++) {
    ledh[i] = ledh[i] + hDiff;                // hDiff controls the extent to which the hue changes along the trailing LEDs
    
    // This will prevent "negative" brightness.
    if(ledb[i]<3){
      ledb[i]=0;
    }
    
    // The probability of "re-igniting" an LED will decrease as you move along the tail
    // Once the brightness reaches zero, it cannot be re-ignited unless the leading LED passes over it again.
    if(ledb[i]>0){
      ledb[i]=ledb[i]-2;
      sparkTest = random(0,bright);
      if(sparkTest>(bright-(ledb[i]/1.1))){
        ledb[i] = bright;
      } else {
        ledb[i] = ledb[i] / 2;                  
      }
    }
    leds[i] = CHSV(ledh[i],255,ledb[i]);
  }
}

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/* ==================================================================================================================================================
         Project: NeoPixel Playground
Neopixel chipset: ws2812B  (144 LED/m strip)
          Author: Scott C
         Created: 12th June 2015
     Arduino IDE: 1.6.4
         Website: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/p/arduino-basics-projects-page.html
     Description: This project will allow you to cycle through and control five LED
                  animation sequences using a potentiometer and an accelerometer
                     Sequence 1:   Cylon with Hue Control                                       Control: Potentiometer only
                     Sequence 2:   Cylon with Brightness Control                                Control: Potentiometer only
                     Sequence 3:   Comet effect with Hue and direction control                  Control: Potentiometer and Accelerometer (Y axis only)
                     Sequence 4:   FireStarter / Rainbow effect with Hue and Direction control  Control: Potentiometer and Accelerometer (Y axis only)
                     Sequence 5:   Digital Spirit Level                                         Control: Accelerometer only (Y axis)
            
                  This project makes use of the FastLED library. Some of the code below was adapted from the FastLED library examples (eg. Cylon routine).
                  The Comet, FireStarter and Digital Spirit Level sequence was designed by ScottC.
                  The FastLED library can be found here: http://fastled.io/
                  You may need to modify the code below to accomodate your specific LED strip. See the FastLED library site for more details.
===================================================================================================================================================== */

//This project needs the FastLED library - link in the description.
#include "FastLED.h"

//The total number of LEDs being used is 144
#define NUM_LEDS 144

// The data pin for the NeoPixel strip is connected to digital Pin 6 on the Arduino
#define DATA_PIN 6

//Initialise the LED array, the LED Hue (ledh) array, and the LED Brightness (ledb) array.
CRGB leds[NUM_LEDS];
byte ledh[NUM_LEDS];
byte ledb[NUM_LEDS];

//Pin connections
const int potPin = A0;      // The potentiometer signal pin is connected to Arduino's Analog Pin 0
const int yPin = A4;        // Y pin on accelerometer is connected to Arduino's Analog Pin 4
                            // The accelerometer's X Pin and the Z Pin were not used in this sketch

//Global Variables ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
byte potVal;                // potVal:      stores the potentiometer signal value
byte prevPotVal=0;          // prevPotVal:  stores the previous potentiometer value
int LEDSpeed=1;             // LEDSpeed:    stores the "speed" of the LED animation sequence
int maxLEDSpeed = 50;       // maxLEDSpeed: identifies the maximum speed of the LED animation sequence
int LEDAccel=0;             // LEDAccel:    stores the acceleration value of the LED animation sequence (to speed it up or slow it down)
int LEDPosition=72;         // LEDPosition: identifies the LED within the strip to modify (leading LED). The number will be between 0-143.  (Zero to NUM_LEDS-1)
int oldPos=0;               // oldPos:      holds the previous position of the leading LED
byte hue = 0;               // hue:         stores the leading LED's hue value
byte intensity = 150;       // intensity:   the default brightness of the leading LED
byte bright = 80;           // bright:      this variable is used to modify the brightness of the trailing LEDs
int animationDelay = 0;     // animationDelay: is used in the animation Speed calculation. The greater the animationDelay, the slower the LED sequence.
int effect = 0;             // effect:      is used to differentiate and select one out of the four effects
int sparkTest = 0;          // sparkTest:   variable used in the "sparkle" LED animation sequence 
boolean constSpeed = false; // constSpeed:  toggle between constant and variable speed.


//===================================================================================================================================================
// setup() : Is used to initialise the LED strip
//===================================================================================================================================================
void setup() {
    delay(2000);          //Delay for two seconds to power the LEDS before starting the data signal on the Arduino
    FastLED.addLeds<WS2812B, DATA_PIN, GRB>(leds, NUM_LEDS);                            //initialise the LED strip       
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// loop() : The Arduino will take readings from the potentiometer and accelerometer to control the LED strip
//===================================================================================================================================================
void loop(){
  readPotentiometer();           
  adjustSpeed();
  constrainLEDs();
 
  switch(effect){
    case 0:                                               // 1st effect : Cylon with Hue control - using Potentiometer 
      cylonWithHueControl();
      break;
      
    case 1:                                               // 2nd effect : Cylon with Brightness control - using Potentiometer
      cylonWithBrightnessControl();
      break;
      
    case 2:                                               // 3rd effect : Comet effect. Hue controlled by potentiometer, direction by accelerometer
      cometEffect();
      break;
      
    case 3:                                               // 4th effect : FireStarter / Rainbow Sparkle effect. Direction controlled by accelerometer, sparkle by potentiometer.
      fireStarter(); 
      break;
    
    case 4:
      levelSense();                                        // 5th effect : LevelSense - uses the accelerometer to create a digital "spirit" level.
      break;
  }
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// readPotentiometer() : Take a potentiometer reading. This value will be used to control various LED animations, and to choose the animation sequence to display.
//===================================================================================================================================================
void readPotentiometer(){
  //Take a reading from the potentiometer and convert the value into a number between 0 and 255
  potVal = map(analogRead(potPin), 0, 1023 , 0, 255);
  
  // If the potentiometer reading is equal to zero, then move to the next effect in the list.
  if(potVal==0){
    if(prevPotVal>0){   // This allows us to switch effects only when the potentiometer reading has changed to zero (from a positive number). Multiple zero readings will be ignored.
      prevPotVal = 0;   // Set the prev pot value to zero in order to ignore replicate zero readings.
      effect++;         // Go to the next effect.
      if(effect>4){
        effect=0;       // Go back to the first effect after the fifth effect.
      }
    }
  }
  prevPotVal=potVal;    // Keep track of the previous potentiometer reading
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// adjustSpeed() : use the Y axis value of the accelerometer to adjust the speed and the direction of the LED animation sequence
//===================================================================================================================================================
void adjustSpeed(){
  // Take a reading from the Y Pin of the accelerometer and adjust the value so that 
  // positive numbers move in one direction, and negative numbers move in the opposite diraction. 
  // We use the map function to convert the accelerometer readings, and the constrain function to ensure that it stays within the desired limits
  // The values of 230 and 640 were determined by trial and error and are specific to my accelerometer. You will need to adjust these numbers to suit your module.
  
  LEDAccel = constrain(map(analogRead(yPin), 230, 640 , maxLEDSpeed, -maxLEDSpeed),-maxLEDSpeed, maxLEDSpeed);
  
  
  // If the constSpeed variable is "true", then make sure that the speed of the animation is constant by modifying the LEDSpeed and LEDAccel variables.
  if(constSpeed){
    LEDAccel=0; 
    if(LEDSpeed>0){
      LEDSpeed = maxLEDSpeed/1.1;     // Adjust the LEDSpeed to half the maximum speed in the positive direction
    } 
    if (LEDSpeed<0){
      LEDSpeed = -maxLEDSpeed/1.1;    // Adjust the LEDSpeed to half the maximum speed in the negative direction
    }
  } 
 
  // The Speed of the LED animation sequence can increase (accelerate), decrease (decelerate) or stay the same (constant speed)
  LEDSpeed = LEDSpeed + LEDAccel;                        
  
  //The following lines of code are used to control the direction of the LED animation sequence, and limit the speed of that animation. 
  if (LEDSpeed>0){
    LEDPosition++;                                       // Illuminate the LED in the Next position
    if (LEDSpeed>maxLEDSpeed){
      LEDSpeed=maxLEDSpeed;                              // Ensure that the speed does not go beyond the maximum speed in the positive direction
    }
  }
  
  if (LEDSpeed<0){
    LEDPosition--;                                       // Illuminate the LED in the Prior position
    if (LEDSpeed<-maxLEDSpeed){
      LEDSpeed = -maxLEDSpeed;                           // Ensure that the speed does not go beyond the maximum speed in the negative direction
    }
  }
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// constrainLEDs() : This ensures that the LED animation sequence remains within the boundaries of the various arrays (and the LED strip)
//                   and it also creates a "bouncing" effect at both ends of the LED strip.
//===================================================================================================================================================
void constrainLEDs(){
  LEDPosition = constrain(LEDPosition, 0, NUM_LEDS-1);    // Make sure that the LEDs stay within the boundaries of the LED strip
  if(LEDPosition == 0 || LEDPosition == NUM_LEDS-1) {
    LEDSpeed = (LEDSpeed * -0.9);                         // Reverse the direction of movement when LED gets to end of strip. This creates a bouncing ball effect.
  }
}



//===================================================================================================================================================
// cylonWithHueControl() :  This is the 1st LED effect. The cylon colour is controlled by the potentiometer. The speed is constant.
//===================================================================================================================================================
void cylonWithHueControl(){
      constSpeed = true;                                  // Make the LED animation speed constant
      showLED(LEDPosition, potVal, 255, intensity);       // Illuminate the LED
      fadeLEDs(8);                                        // Fade LEDs by a value of 8. Higher numbers will create a shorter tail.
      setDelay(LEDSpeed);                                 // The LEDSpeed is constant, so the delay is constant
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// cylonWithBrightnessControl() : This is the 2nd LED effect. The cylon colour is red (hue=0), and the brightness is controlled by the potentiometer
//===================================================================================================================================================
void cylonWithBrightnessControl(){
      constSpeed = true;                                  // Make speed constant
      showLED(LEDPosition, 0, 255, potVal);               // Brightness is controlled by potentiometer.
      fadeLEDs(16);                                       // Fade LEDs by a value of 16
      setDelay(LEDSpeed);                                 // The LEDSpeed is constant, so the delay is constant
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// cometEffect() :  This is the 3rd LED effect. The random brightness of the trailing LEDs produces an interesting comet-like effect.
//===================================================================================================================================================
void cometEffect(){
      constSpeed = false;                                  // The speed will be controlled by the slope of the accelerometer (y-Axis)
      showLED(LEDPosition, potVal, 255, intensity);        // Hue will change with potentiometer.
      
      //The following lines create the comet effect 
      bright = random(50, 100);                            // Randomly select a brightness between 50 and 100
      leds[LEDPosition] = CHSV((potVal+40),255, bright);   // The trailing LEDs will have a different hue to the leading LED, and will have a random brightness
      fadeLEDs(8);                                         // This will affect the length of the Trailing LEDs
      setDelay(LEDSpeed);                                  // The LEDSpeed will be affected by the slope of the Accelerometer's y-Axis
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// fireStarter() : This is the 4th LED effect. It starts off looking like a ball of fire, leaving a trail of little fires. But as you
//                 turn the potentiometer, it becomes more like a shooting star with a rainbow-sparkle trail.
//===================================================================================================================================================
void fireStarter(){
      constSpeed = false;                                  // The speed will be controlled by the slope of the accelerometer (y-Axis)
      ledh[LEDPosition] = potVal;                          // Hue is controlled by potentiometer
      showLED(LEDPosition, ledh[LEDPosition], 255, intensity); 
      
      //The following lines create the fire starter effect
      bright = random(50, 100);                            // Randomly select a brightness between 50 and 100
      ledb[LEDPosition] = bright;                          // Assign this random brightness value to the trailing LEDs
      sparkle(potVal/5);                                   // Call the sparkle routine to create that sparkling effect. The potentiometer controls the difference in hue from LED to LED.
      fadeLEDs(1);                                         // A low number creates a longer tail
      setDelay(LEDSpeed);                                  // The LEDSpeed will be affected by the slope of the Accelerometer's y-Axis
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// levelSense() : This is the 5th and final LED effect. The accelerometer is used in conjunction with the LED strip to create a digital "Spirit" Level.
//                You can use the illuminated LEDs to identify the angle of the LED strip
//===================================================================================================================================================
void levelSense(){
      constSpeed = true;
      LEDPosition = constrain(map(analogRead(yPin), 230, 640, 1, NUM_LEDS-1), 0 , NUM_LEDS-1);
      
      //Jitter correction: this will reduce the amount of jitter caused by the accelerometer reading variability
      if(abs(LEDPosition-oldPos) < 2){
        LEDPosition = oldPos;
      }
      
      //The following lines of code will ensure the colours remain within the red to green range, with green in the middle and red at the ends.
      hue = map(LEDPosition, 0, NUM_LEDS-1, 0, 200);
      if (hue>100){
         hue = 200 - hue;
      }
      
      //Illuminate 2 LEDs next to each other
      showLED(LEDPosition, hue, 255, intensity); 
      showLED(LEDPosition-1, hue, 255, intensity);              
      
      //If the position moves, then fade the old LED positions by a factor of 25 (high numbers mean shorter tail)
      fadeLEDs(25);                               
      oldPos = LEDPosition; 
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// fadeLEDs(): This function is used to fade the LEDs back to black (OFF) 
//===================================================================================================================================================
void fadeLEDs(int fadeVal){
  for (int i = 0; i<NUM_LEDS; i++){
    leds[i].fadeToBlackBy( fadeVal );
  }
}



//===================================================================================================================================================
// showLED() : is used to illuminate the LEDs 
//===================================================================================================================================================
void showLED(int pos, byte LEDhue, byte LEDsat, byte LEDbright){
  leds[pos] = CHSV(LEDhue,LEDsat,LEDbright);
  FastLED.show();
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// setDelay() : is where the speed of the LED animation sequence is controlled. The speed of the animation is controlled by the LEDSpeed variable.
//              and cannot go faster than the maxLEDSpeed variable.
//===================================================================================================================================================
void setDelay(int LSpeed){
  animationDelay = maxLEDSpeed - abs(LSpeed);
  delay(animationDelay);
}


//===================================================================================================================================================
// sparkle() : is used by the fireStarter routine to create a sparkling/fire-like effect
//             Each LED hue and brightness is monitored and modified using arrays  (ledh[]  and ledb[])
//===================================================================================================================================================
void sparkle(byte hDiff){
  for(int i = 0; i < NUM_LEDS; i++) {
    ledh[i] = ledh[i] + hDiff;                // hDiff controls the extent to which the hue changes along the trailing LEDs
    
    // This will prevent "negative" brightness.
    if(ledb[i]<3){
      ledb[i]=0;
    }
    
    // The probability of "re-igniting" an LED will decrease as you move along the tail
    // Once the brightness reaches zero, it cannot be re-ignited unless the leading LED passes over it again.
    if(ledb[i]>0){
      ledb[i]=ledb[i]-2;
      sparkTest = random(0,bright);
      if(sparkTest>(bright-(ledb[i]/1.1))){
        ledb[i] = bright;
      } else {
        ledb[i] = ledb[i] / 2;                  
      }
    }
    leds[i] = CHSV(ledh[i],255,ledb[i]);
  }
}

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/* ==================================================================================================================================================
         Project: 5 min tutorial: Send Hex from computer to Arduino
          Author: Scott C
         Created: 21th June 2015
     Arduino IDE: 1.6.4
         Website: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/p/arduino-basics-projects-page.html
     Description: Arduino Sketch used to adjust the brightness of an LED based on the values received
                  on the serial port. The LED needs to be connected to a PWM pin. In this sketch
                  Pin 10 is used, however you could use Pin 3, 5, 6, 9, or 11 - if you are using an Arduino Uno.
===================================================================================================================================================== */

byte byteRead;                   //Variable used to store the byte received on the Serial Port
int ledPin = 10;                 //LED is connected to Arduino Pin 10. This pin must be PWM capable.  

void setup() {
 Serial.begin(9600);             //Initialise Serial communication with the computer
 pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);        //Set Pin 10 as an Output pin
 byteRead = 0;                   //Initialise the byteRead variable to zero.
}

void loop() {
  if(Serial.available()) {
    byteRead = Serial.read();     //Update the byteRead variable with the Hex value received on the Serial COM port.
  }
  
  analogWrite(ledPin, byteRead);  //Use PWM to adjust the brightness of the LED. Brightness is determined by the "byteRead" variable.
}    

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/* ==================================================================================================================================================
         Project: 5 min tutorial: Send Hex from computer to Arduino
          Author: Scott C
         Created: 21th June 2015
  Processing IDE: 2.2.1
         Website: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/p/arduino-basics-projects-page.html
     Description: Processing Sketch used to send HEX values from computer to Arduino when the mouse is pressed.
                  The alternating values 0xFF and 0x00 are sent to the Arduino Uno to turn an LED on and off.
                  You can send any HEX value from 0x00 to 0xFF. This sketch also shows how to convert Hex strings
                  to Hex numbers.
===================================================================================================================================================== */

import processing.serial.*;           //This import statement is required for  Serial communication

Serial comPort;                       //comPort is used to write Hex values to the Arduino
boolean toggle = false;               //toggle variable is used to control which hex variable to send  
String zeroHex = "00";                //This "00" string will be converted to 0x00 and sent to Arduino to turn LED off.
String FFHex = "FF";                  //This "FF" string will be converted to 0xFF and sent to Arduino to turn LED on.

void setup(){
    comPort = new Serial(this, Serial.list()[0], 9600);   //initialise the COM port for serial communication at a baud rate of 9600.
    delay(2000);                      //this delay allows the com port to initialise properly before initiating any communication.
    background(0);                    //Start with a black background.
    
}


void draw(){                           //the draw() function is necessary for the sketch to compile 
    //do nothing here                  //even though it does nothing.
}


void mousePressed(){                   //This function is called when the mouse is pressed within the Processing window.
  toggle = ! toggle;                   //The toggle variable will change back and forth between "true" and "false"
  if(toggle){                          //If the toggle variable is TRUE, then send 0xFF to the Arduino
     comPort.write(unhex(FFHex));      //The unhex() function converts the "FF" string to 0xFF
     background(0,0,255);              //Change the background colour to blue as a visual indication of a button press.
  } else {
    comPort.write(unhex(zeroHex));     //If the toggle variable is FALSE, then send 0x00 to the Arduino
    background(0);                     //Change the background colour to black as a visual indication of a button press.
  }
}
    

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/* ==================================================================================================================================================
         Project: 5 min tutorial: Send Hex from computer to Arduino
          Author: Scott C
         Created: 21th June 2015
     Arduino IDE: 1.6.4
         Website: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/p/arduino-basics-projects-page.html
     Description: Arduino Sketch used to adjust the brightness of an LED based on the values received
                  on the serial port. The LED needs to be connected to a PWM pin. In this sketch
                  Pin 10 is used, however you could use Pin 3, 5, 6, 9, or 11 - if you are using an Arduino Uno.
===================================================================================================================================================== */

byte byteRead;                   //Variable used to store the byte received on the Serial Port
int ledPin = 10;                 //LED is connected to Arduino Pin 10. This pin must be PWM capable.  

void setup() {
 Serial.begin(9600);             //Initialise Serial communication with the computer
 pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);        //Set Pin 10 as an Output pin
 byteRead = 0;                   //Initialise the byteRead variable to zero.
}

void loop() {
  if(Serial.available()) {
    byteRead = Serial.read();     //Update the byteRead variable with the Hex value received on the Serial COM port.
  }
  
  analogWrite(ledPin, byteRead);  //Use PWM to adjust the brightness of the LED. Brightness is determined by the "byteRead" variable.
}    

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/* ==================================================================================================================================================
         Project: 5 min tutorial: Send Hex from computer to Arduino
          Author: Scott C
         Created: 21th June 2015
  Processing IDE: 2.2.1
         Website: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/p/arduino-basics-projects-page.html
     Description: Processing Sketch used to send HEX values from computer to Arduino when the mouse is pressed.
                  The alternating values 0xFF and 0x00 are sent to the Arduino Uno to turn an LED on and off.
                  You can send any HEX value from 0x00 to 0xFF. This sketch also shows how to convert Hex strings
                  to Hex numbers.
===================================================================================================================================================== */

import processing.serial.*;           //This import statement is required for  Serial communication

Serial comPort;                       //comPort is used to write Hex values to the Arduino
boolean toggle = false;               //toggle variable is used to control which hex variable to send  
String zeroHex = "00";                //This "00" string will be converted to 0x00 and sent to Arduino to turn LED off.
String FFHex = "FF";                  //This "FF" string will be converted to 0xFF and sent to Arduino to turn LED on.

void setup(){
    comPort = new Serial(this, Serial.list()[0], 9600);   //initialise the COM port for serial communication at a baud rate of 9600.
    delay(2000);                      //this delay allows the com port to initialise properly before initiating any communication.
    background(0);                    //Start with a black background.
    
}


void draw(){                           //the draw() function is necessary for the sketch to compile 
    //do nothing here                  //even though it does nothing.
}


void mousePressed(){                   //This function is called when the mouse is pressed within the Processing window.
  toggle = ! toggle;                   //The toggle variable will change back and forth between "true" and "false"
  if(toggle){                          //If the toggle variable is TRUE, then send 0xFF to the Arduino
     comPort.write(unhex(FFHex));      //The unhex() function converts the "FF" string to 0xFF
     background(0,0,255);              //Change the background colour to blue as a visual indication of a button press.
  } else {
    comPort.write(unhex(zeroHex));     //If the toggle variable is FALSE, then send 0x00 to the Arduino
    background(0);                     //Change the background colour to black as a visual indication of a button press.
  }
}
    

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/* ===============================================================
      Project: CH376S USB Read/Write Module testing ground
       Author: Scott C
      Created: 1st May 2015
  Arduino IDE: 1.6.2
      Website: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/p/arduino-basics-projects-page.html
  Description: This project will allow you to perform many of the functions available on the CH376S module.
               Checking connection to the module, putting the module into USB mode, resetting the module, 
               reading, writing, appending text to files on the USB stick. This is very useful alternative to
               SD card modules, plus it doesn't need any libraries.
================================================================== */

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

byte computerByte;           //used to store data coming from the computer
byte USB_Byte;               //used to store data coming from the USB stick
int LED = 13;                //the LED is connected to digital pin 13 
int timeOut = 2000;          //TimeOut is 2 seconds. This is the amount of time you wish to wait for a response from the CH376S module.
String wrData = "What is the meaning of life ?";     //We will write this data to a newly created file.
String wrData2 = "42";                                   //We will append this data to an already existing file.

SoftwareSerial USB(10, 11);                           // Digital pin 10 on Arduino (RX) connects to TXD on the CH376S module
                                                      // Digital pin 11 on Arduino (TX) connects to RXD on the CH376S module
                                                      // GND on Arduino to GND on CH376S module
                                                      // 5V on Arduino to 5V on CH376S module
//==============================================================================================================================================
void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);                                 // Setup serial communication with the computer (using a baud rate of 9600 on serial monitor)
  USB.begin(9600);                                    // Setup serial communication with the CH376S module (using the default baud rate of 9600)
  pinMode(LED,OUTPUT);                                // Define digital pin 13 as an OUTPUT pin - so that we can use it with an LED
  digitalWrite(LED,LOW);                              // Turn off the LED
}

//================================================================================================================================================
void loop() {
  if(Serial.available()){
    computerByte = Serial.read();                      //read any incoming bytes from the Serial monitor, and store this byte in the variable called computerByte
    if(computerByte==49){               //1            //If you send the number 1 from the serial monitor, the arduino will read it as digital number 49. Google "ascii table" for more info.
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND1: CHECK CONNECTION");
      checkConnection(0x01);                           // Check for successful connection and communication with the CH376S module.
    } 
    if(computerByte==50){               //2
     printCommandHeader("COMMAND2: set_USB_Mode");
      set_USB_Mode(0x06);                              // Code used to enable read/write communication and monitoring of the USB stick
    }
    if(computerByte==51){               //3
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND3: resetALL");
      resetALL();                                      // Reset the USB device
    }
    if(computerByte==52){               //4
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND4: Create and Write to File : TEST4.TXT");
      writeFile("TEST4.TXT", wrData);                  // Create a file called TEST4.TXT and then Write the contents of wrData to this file
    }
    if(computerByte==53){               //5
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND5: Read File: TEST4.TXT");
      readFile("TEST4.TXT");                           // Read the contents of this file on the USB disk, and display contents in the Serial Monitor
    }
    if(computerByte==54){               //6
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND6: Append data to file: TEST4.TXT");
      appendFile("TEST4.TXT", wrData2);                // Append data to the end of the file.
    }
    if(computerByte==55){               //7
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND7: Delete File: TEST4.TXT");
      fileDelete("TEST4.TXT");                         // Delete the file named TEST4.TXT
    }
    if(computerByte==56){               //8
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND8: Read File: TEST2.TXT");
      readFile("TEST2.TXT");                           // Read the contents of the TEST2.TXT file on the USB disk, and display contents in the Serial Monitor
    }
    if(computerByte==57){               //9
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND9: Read File: TEST3.TXT");
      readFile("TEST3.TXT");                           // Read the contents of the TEST3.TXT file on the USB disk, and display contents in the Serial Monitor
    }
  }
  
  if(USB.available()){                                 // This is here to capture any unexpected data transmitted by the CH376S module
    Serial.print("CH376S has just sent this code:");
    Serial.println(USB.read(), HEX);
  }
}

//END OF LOOP FUNCTION ========================================================================================================================================

//print Command header
void printCommandHeader(String header){
   Serial.println("======================");
   Serial.println("");
   Serial.println(header);
   Serial.println("----------------------");
}

//checkConnection==================================================================================
//This function is used to check for successful communication with the CH376S module. This is not dependant of the presence of a USB stick.
//Send any value between 0 to 255, and the CH376S module will return a number = 255 - value. 
void checkConnection(byte value){
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x06);
  USB.write(value);
  
  if(waitForResponse("checking connection")){       //wait for a response from the CH376S. If CH376S responds, it will be true. If it times out, it will be false.
    if(getResponseFromUSB()==(255-value)){
       Serial.println(">Connection to CH376S was successful.");
       blinkLED();                               //blink the LED for 1 second if the connection was successful
    } else {
      Serial.print(">Connection to CH376S - FAILED.");
    }
  }
}

//set_USB_Mode=====================================================================================
//Make sure that the USB is inserted when using 0x06 as the value in this specific code sequence
void set_USB_Mode (byte value){
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x15);
  USB.write(value);
  
  delay(20);
  
  if(USB.available()){
    USB_Byte=USB.read();
    //Check to see if the command has been successfully transmitted and acknowledged.
    if(USB_Byte==0x51){                                   // If true - the CH376S has acknowledged the command.
        Serial.println("set_USB_Mode command acknowledged"); //The CH376S will now check and monitor the USB port
        USB_Byte = USB.read();
        
        //Check to see if the USB stick is connected or not.
        if(USB_Byte==0x15){                               // If true - there is a USB stick connected
          Serial.println("USB is present");
          blinkLED();                                     // If the process was successful, then turn the LED on for 1 second 
        } else {
          Serial.print("USB Not present. Error code:");   // If the USB is not connected - it should return an Error code = FFH
          Serial.print(USB_Byte, HEX);
          Serial.println("H");
        }
        
    } else {
        Serial.print("CH3765 error!   Error code:");
        Serial.print(USB_Byte, HEX);
        Serial.println("H");
    }   
  }
  delay(20);
}

//resetALL=========================================================================================
//This will perform a hardware reset of the CH376S module - which usually takes about 35 msecs =====
void resetALL(){
    USB.write(0x57);
    USB.write(0xAB);
    USB.write(0x05);
    Serial.println("The CH376S module has been reset !");
    delay(200);
}

//readFile=====================================================================================
//This will send a series of commands to read data from a specific file (defined by fileName)
void readFile(String fileName){
  resetALL();                     //Reset the module
  set_USB_Mode(0x06);             //Set to USB Mode
  diskConnectionStatus();         //Check that communication with the USB device is possible
  USBdiskMount();                 //Prepare the USB for reading/writing - you need to mount the USB disk for proper read/write operations.
  setFileName(fileName);          //Set File name
  fileOpen();                     //Open the file for reading
  int fs = getFileSize();         //Get the size of the file
  fileRead();                     //***** Send the command to read the file ***
  fileClose(0x00);                //Close the file
}

//writeFile========================================================================================
//is used to create a new file and then write data to that file. "fileName" is a variable used to hold the name of the file (e.g TEST.TXT). "data" should not be greater than 255 bytes long. 
void writeFile(String fileName, String data){
  resetALL();                     //Reset the module
  set_USB_Mode(0x06);             //Set to USB Mode
  diskConnectionStatus();         //Check that communication with the USB device is possible
  USBdiskMount();                 //Prepare the USB for reading/writing - you need to mount the USB disk for proper read/write operations.
  setFileName(fileName);          //Set File name
  if(fileCreate()){               //Try to create a new file. If file creation is successful
    fileWrite(data);              //write data to the file.
  } else {
    Serial.println("File could not be created, or it already exists");
  }
  fileClose(0x01);
}

//appendFile()====================================================================================
//is used to write data to the end of the file, without erasing the contents of the file.
void appendFile(String fileName, String data){
    resetALL();                     //Reset the module
    set_USB_Mode(0x06);             //Set to USB Mode
    diskConnectionStatus();         //Check that communication with the USB device is possible
    USBdiskMount();                 //Prepare the USB for reading/writing - you need to mount the USB disk for proper read/write operations.
    setFileName(fileName);          //Set File name
    fileOpen();                     //Open the file
    filePointer(false);             //filePointer(false) is to set the pointer at the end of the file.  filePointer(true) will set the pointer to the beginning.
    fileWrite(data);                //Write data to the end of the file
    fileClose(0x01);                //Close the file using 0x01 - which means to update the size of the file on close. 
}
  
//setFileName======================================================================================
//This sets the name of the file to work with
void setFileName(String fileName){
  Serial.print("Setting filename to:");
  Serial.println(fileName);
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x2F);
  USB.write(0x2F);         // Every filename must have this byte to indicate the start of the file name.
  USB.print(fileName);     // "fileName" is a variable that holds the name of the file.  eg. TEST.TXT
  USB.write((byte)0x00);   // you need to cast as a byte - otherwise it will not compile.  The null byte indicates the end of the file name.
  delay(20);
}

//diskConnectionStatus================================================================================
//Check the disk connection status
void diskConnectionStatus(){
  Serial.println("Checking USB disk connection status");
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x30);

  if(waitForResponse("Connecting to USB disk")){       //wait for a response from the CH376S. If CH376S responds, it will be true. If it times out, it will be false.
    if(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){               //CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful
       Serial.println(">Connection to USB OK");
    } else {
      Serial.print(">Connection to USB - FAILED.");
    }
  }
}

//USBdiskMount========================================================================================
//initialise the USB disk and check that it is ready - this process is required if you want to find the manufacturing information of the USB disk
void USBdiskMount(){
  Serial.println("Mounting USB disk");
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x31);

  if(waitForResponse("mounting USB disk")){       //wait for a response from the CH376S. If CH376S responds, it will be true. If it times out, it will be false.
    if(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){               //CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful
       Serial.println(">USB Mounted - OK");
    } else {
      Serial.print(">Failed to Mount USB disk.");
    }
  }
}

//fileOpen========================================================================================
//opens the file for reading or writing
void fileOpen(){
  Serial.println("Opening file.");
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x32);
  if(waitForResponse("file Open")){                 //wait for a response from the CH376S. If CH376S responds, it will be true. If it times out, it will be false.
    if(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){                 //CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful  
       Serial.println(">File opened successfully.");
    } else {
      Serial.print(">Failed to open file.");
    }
  }
}

//setByteRead=====================================================================================
//This function is required if you want to read data from the file. 
boolean setByteRead(byte numBytes){
  boolean bytesToRead=false;
  int timeCounter = 0;
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x3A);
  USB.write((byte)numBytes);   //tells the CH376S how many bytes to read at a time
  USB.write((byte)0x00);
  if(waitForResponse("setByteRead")){       //wait for a response from the CH376S. If CH376S responds, it will be true. If it times out, it will be false.
    if(getResponseFromUSB()==0x1D){         //read the CH376S message. If equal to 0x1D, data is present, so return true. Will return 0x14 if no data is present.
      bytesToRead=true;
    }
  }
  return(bytesToRead);
} 

//getFileSize()===================================================================================
//writes the file size to the serial Monitor.
int getFileSize(){
  int fileSize=0;
  Serial.println("Getting File Size");
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x0C);
  USB.write(0x68);
  delay(100);
  Serial.print("FileSize =");
  if(USB.available()){
    fileSize = fileSize + USB.read();
  } 
  if(USB.available()){
    fileSize = fileSize + (USB.read()*255);
  } 
  if(USB.available()){
    fileSize = fileSize + (USB.read()*255*255);
  } 
  if(USB.available()){
    fileSize = fileSize + (USB.read()*255*255*255);
  }     
  Serial.println(fileSize);
  delay(10);
  return(fileSize);
}


//fileRead========================================================================================
//read the contents of the file
void fileRead(){
  Serial.println("Reading file:");
  byte firstByte = 0x00;                     //Variable to hold the firstByte from every transmission.  Can be used as a checkSum if required.
  byte numBytes = 0x40;                      //The maximum value is 0x40  =  64 bytes
 
  while(setByteRead(numBytes)){              //This tells the CH376S module how many bytes to read on the next reading step. In this example, we will read 0x10 bytes at a time. Returns true if there are bytes to read, false if there are no more bytes to read.
    USB.write(0x57);
    USB.write(0xAB);
    USB.write(0x27);                          //Command to read ALL of the bytes (allocated by setByteRead(x))
    if(waitForResponse("reading data")){      //Wait for the CH376S module to return data. TimeOut will return false. If data is being transmitted, it will return true.
        firstByte=USB.read();                 //Read the first byte
        while(USB.available()){
          Serial.write(USB.read());           //Send the data from the USB disk to the Serial monitor
          delay(1);                           //This delay is necessary for successful Serial transmission
        }
    }
    if<!continueRead()){><span>//prepares the module for further reading. If false, stop reading.</span><br  />      <span>break</span>;                                   <span>//You need the continueRead() method if the data to be read from the USB device is greater than numBytes.</span><br  />    }<br  />  }<br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>();<br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(<span>"NO MORE DATA"</span>);<br  />}<br  /><br  /><span>//fileWrite=======================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//are the commands used to write to the file</span><br  /><span>void</span> fileWrite(<span>String</span> data){<br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(<span>"Writing to file:"</span>);<br  />  <span>byte</span> dataLength = (<span>byte</span>) data.<span>length</span>();         <span>// This variable holds the length of the data to be written (in bytes)</span><br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(data);<br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>print</span>(<span>"Data Length:"</span>);<br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(dataLength);<br  />  <span>delay</span>(100);<br  />  <span>// This set of commands tells the CH376S module how many bytes to expect from the Arduino.  (defined by the "dataLength" variable)</span><br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x3C);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>) dataLength);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>) 0x00);<br  />  <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"setting data Length"</span>)){      <span>// Wait for an acknowledgement from the CH376S module before trying to send data to it</span><br  />    <span>if</span>(getResponseFromUSB()==0x1E){                <span>// 0x1E indicates that the USB device is in write mode.</span><br  />      USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />      USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />      USB.<span>write</span>(0x2D);<br  />      USB.<span>print</span>(data);                             <span>// write the data to the file</span><br  />  <br  />      <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"writing data to file"</span>)){   <span>// wait for an acknowledgement from the CH376S module</span><br  />      }<br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>print</span>(<span>"Write code (normally FF and 14): "</span>);<br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>print</span>(USB.<span>read</span>(),<span>HEX</span>);                <span>// code is normally 0xFF</span><br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>print</span>(<span>","</span>);<br  />      USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />      USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />      USB.<span>write</span>(0x3D);                             <span>// This is used to update the file size. Not sure if this is necessary for successful writing.</span><br  />      <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"updating file size"</span>)){   <span>// wait for an acknowledgement from the CH376S module</span><br  />      }<br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(USB.<span>read</span>(),<span>HEX</span>);              <span>//code is normally 0x14</span><br  />    }<br  />  }<br  />}<br  /><br  /><span>//continueRead()==================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//continue to read the file : I could not get this function to work as intended.</span><br  /><span>boolean</span> continueRead(){<br  />  <span>boolean</span> readAgain = <span>false</span>;<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x3B);<br  />  <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"continueRead"</span>)){       <span>//wait for a response from the CH376S. If CH376S responds, it will be true. If it times out, it will be false.</span><br  />     <span>if</span>(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){         <span>//CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful</span><br  />       readAgain=<span>true</span>;<br  />     }<br  />  }<br  />  <span>return</span>(readAgain);<br  />} <br  /><br  /><span>//fileCreate()========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//the command sequence to create a file</span><br  /><span>boolean</span> fileCreate(){<br  />  <span>boolean</span> createdFile = <span>false</span>;<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x34);<br  />  <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"creating file"</span>)){       <span>//wait for a response from the CH376S. If file has been created successfully, it will return true.</span><br  />     <span>if</span>(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){          <span>//CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful</span><br  />       createdFile=<span>true</span>;<br  />     }<br  />  }<br  />  <span>return</span>(createdFile);<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//fileDelete()========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//the command sequence to delete a file</span><br  /><span>void</span> fileDelete(<span>String</span> fileName){<br  />  setFileName(fileName);<br  />  <span>delay</span>(20);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x35);<br  />  <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"deleting file"</span>)){       <span>//wait for a response from the CH376S. If file has been created successfully, it will return true.</span><br  />     <span>if</span>(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){          <span>//CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful</span><br  />       <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(<span>"Successfully deleted file"</span>);<br  />     }<br  />  }<br  />}<br  />  <br  /><br  /><span>//filePointer========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//is used to set the file pointer position. true for beginning of file, false for the end of the file.</span><br  /><span>void</span> filePointer(<span>boolean</span> fileBeginning){<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x39);<br  />  <span>if</span>(fileBeginning){<br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0x00);             <span>//beginning of file</span><br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0x00);<br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0x00);<br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0x00);<br  />  } <span>else</span> {<br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0xFF);             <span>//end of file</span><br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0xFF);<br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0xFF);<br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0xFF);<br  />  }<br  />  <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"setting file pointer"</span>)){       <span>//wait for a response from the CH376S. </span><br  />     <span>if</span>(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){                 <span>//CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful</span><br  />       <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(<span>"Pointer successfully applied"</span>);<br  />     }<br  />  }<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//fileClose=======================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//closes the file</span><br  /><span>void</span> fileClose(<span>byte</span> closeCmd){<br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(<span>"Closing file:"</span>);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x36);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)closeCmd);                                <span>// closeCmd = 0x00 = close without updating file Size, 0x01 = close and update file Size</span><br  /><br  />  <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"closing file"</span>)){                      <span>// wait for a response from the CH376S. </span><br  />     <span>byte</span> resp = getResponseFromUSB();<br  />     <span>if</span>(resp==0x14){                                        <span>// CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful</span><br  />       <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(<span>">File closed successfully."</span>);<br  />     } <span>else</span> {<br  />       <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>print</span>(<span>">Failed to close file. Error code:"</span>);<br  />       <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(resp, <span>HEX</span>);<br  />     }  <br  />  }<br  />}<br  /><br  /><span>//waitForResponse===================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//is used to wait for a response from USB. Returns true when bytes become available, false if it times out.</span><br  /><span>boolean</span> waitForResponse(<span>String</span> errorMsg){<br  />  <span>boolean</span> bytesAvailable = <span>true</span>;<br  />  <span>int</span> counter=0;<br  />  <span>while</span><!USB><span>available</span>()){     <span>//wait for CH376S to verify command</span><br  />    <span>delay</span>(1);<br  />    counter++;<br  />    <span>if</span>(counter>timeOut){<br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>print</span>(<span>"TimeOut waiting for response: Error while: "</span>);<br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(errorMsg);<br  />      bytesAvailable = <span>false</span>;<br  />      <span>break</span>;<br  />    }<br  />  }<br  />  <span>delay</span>(1);<br  />  <span>return</span>(bytesAvailable);<br  />}<br  /><br  /><span>//getResponseFromUSB================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//is used to get any error codes or messages from the CH376S module (in response to certain commands)</span><br  /><span>byte</span> getResponseFromUSB(){<br  />  <span>byte</span> response = <span>byte</span>(0x00);<br  />  <span>if</span> (USB.<span>available</span>()){<br  />    response = USB.<span>read</span>();<br  />  }<br  />  <span>return</span>(response);<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//blinkLED==========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//Turn an LED on for 1 second</span><br  /><span>void</span> blinkLED(){<br  />  <span>digitalWrite</span>(LED, <span>HIGH</span>);<br  />  <span>delay</span>(1000);<br  />  <span>digitalWrite</span>(LED,<span>LOW</span>);<br  />}<br  /><br  /></pre> </td> </tr> </table></div></p> <br  /> <p>  If you copy and paste this code directly into the Arduino IDE;  you may get a warning like this when you compile the code:<br  />     <br  />           "Low memory available, stability problems may occur". <br  />          <br  />  I managed to run the sketch without any issues, however, I did experience problems with some of the methods when I had   made further memory hungry modifications. If you do encounter problems, I would recommend that you eliminate any   methods which you do not plan to use, and perhaps reduce the number of Serial.print statements throughout the code.   However, please note that some of the methods will not work unless the module is in the correct state, so be careful which methods you delete.   For example, I found that I could get some simple functionality without the "USBdiskMount()" method. However, I could not   read/write data beyond a certain length without this method.<br  />           <br  />         Also please note, that some of the methods called within the reading and writing sequence   do not need to be called every time. They can be called once in setup, while other methods within the sequence will need to be called every time.   I grouped them all together for simplicity.  </p> <!--separator --><img src="https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-XQiwNpdqOxk%2FT_rKCzDh4nI%2FAAAAAAAAAQY%2FOfYBljhU6Lk%2Fs1600%2FSeparator.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*"  /><br  /> <p><h4>Serial Commands</h4>  Have a look at the following presentation for a summary of the Serial commands used in this tutorial: <br  />     <br  /> <div> </div> </p> </div><p> <div> <!-- Concluding Comments --> </div> <br  />   <br  />   <div> <p> <!--separator --> <img src="https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-XQiwNpdqOxk%2FT_rKCzDh4nI%2FAAAAAAAAAQY%2FOfYBljhU6Lk%2Fs1600%2FSeparator.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*"  /><br  /> <br  /> </p> </div> </p><p> <div>   If you like this page, please do me a favour and show your appreciation : <br  /> <br  />     <br  />   Visit my <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/107402020974762902161/107402020974762902161/posts">ArduinoBasics Google + page</a>.<br  />   Follow me on Twitter by looking for <a href="https://twitter.com/ArduinoBasics">ScottC @ArduinoBasics</a>.<br  />   I can also be found on <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/ArduinoBasics/">Pinterest</a> and <a href="https://instagram.com/arduinobasics">Instagram</a>. <br  />   Have a look at my videos on my <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ScottCMe/videos">YouTube channel</a>.<br  /> </div> </p> <br  /> <div> <p> <!--separator --> <img src="https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-XQiwNpdqOxk%2FT_rKCzDh4nI%2FAAAAAAAAAQY%2FOfYBljhU6Lk%2Fs1600%2FSeparator.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*"  /><br  /> <br  /> </p> </div> <p>  However, if you do not have a google profile... <br  />Feel free to share this page with your friends in any way you see fit.  </p>

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/* ===============================================================
      Project: CH376S USB Read/Write Module testing ground
       Author: Scott C
      Created: 1st May 2015
  Arduino IDE: 1.6.2
      Website: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/p/arduino-basics-projects-page.html
  Description: This project will allow you to perform many of the functions available on the CH376S module.
               Checking connection to the module, putting the module into USB mode, resetting the module, 
               reading, writing, appending text to files on the USB stick. This is very useful alternative to
               SD card modules, plus it doesn't need any libraries.
================================================================== */

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

byte computerByte;           //used to store data coming from the computer
byte USB_Byte;               //used to store data coming from the USB stick
int LED = 13;                //the LED is connected to digital pin 13 
int timeOut = 2000;          //TimeOut is 2 seconds. This is the amount of time you wish to wait for a response from the CH376S module.
String wrData = "What is the meaning of life ?";     //We will write this data to a newly created file.
String wrData2 = "42";                                   //We will append this data to an already existing file.

SoftwareSerial USB(10, 11);                           // Digital pin 10 on Arduino (RX) connects to TXD on the CH376S module
                                                      // Digital pin 11 on Arduino (TX) connects to RXD on the CH376S module
                                                      // GND on Arduino to GND on CH376S module
                                                      // 5V on Arduino to 5V on CH376S module
//==============================================================================================================================================
void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);                                 // Setup serial communication with the computer (using a baud rate of 9600 on serial monitor)
  USB.begin(9600);                                    // Setup serial communication with the CH376S module (using the default baud rate of 9600)
  pinMode(LED,OUTPUT);                                // Define digital pin 13 as an OUTPUT pin - so that we can use it with an LED
  digitalWrite(LED,LOW);                              // Turn off the LED
}

//================================================================================================================================================
void loop() {
  if(Serial.available()){
    computerByte = Serial.read();                      //read any incoming bytes from the Serial monitor, and store this byte in the variable called computerByte
    if(computerByte==49){               //1            //If you send the number 1 from the serial monitor, the arduino will read it as digital number 49. Google "ascii table" for more info.
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND1: CHECK CONNECTION");
      checkConnection(0x01);                           // Check for successful connection and communication with the CH376S module.
    } 
    if(computerByte==50){               //2
     printCommandHeader("COMMAND2: set_USB_Mode");
      set_USB_Mode(0x06);                              // Code used to enable read/write communication and monitoring of the USB stick
    }
    if(computerByte==51){               //3
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND3: resetALL");
      resetALL();                                      // Reset the USB device
    }
    if(computerByte==52){               //4
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND4: Create and Write to File : TEST4.TXT");
      writeFile("TEST4.TXT", wrData);                  // Create a file called TEST4.TXT and then Write the contents of wrData to this file
    }
    if(computerByte==53){               //5
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND5: Read File: TEST4.TXT");
      readFile("TEST4.TXT");                           // Read the contents of this file on the USB disk, and display contents in the Serial Monitor
    }
    if(computerByte==54){               //6
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND6: Append data to file: TEST4.TXT");
      appendFile("TEST4.TXT", wrData2);                // Append data to the end of the file.
    }
    if(computerByte==55){               //7
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND7: Delete File: TEST4.TXT");
      fileDelete("TEST4.TXT");                         // Delete the file named TEST4.TXT
    }
    if(computerByte==56){               //8
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND8: Read File: TEST2.TXT");
      readFile("TEST2.TXT");                           // Read the contents of the TEST2.TXT file on the USB disk, and display contents in the Serial Monitor
    }
    if(computerByte==57){               //9
      printCommandHeader("COMMAND9: Read File: TEST3.TXT");
      readFile("TEST3.TXT");                           // Read the contents of the TEST3.TXT file on the USB disk, and display contents in the Serial Monitor
    }
  }
  
  if(USB.available()){                                 // This is here to capture any unexpected data transmitted by the CH376S module
    Serial.print("CH376S has just sent this code:");
    Serial.println(USB.read(), HEX);
  }
}

//END OF LOOP FUNCTION ========================================================================================================================================

//print Command header
void printCommandHeader(String header){
   Serial.println("======================");
   Serial.println("");
   Serial.println(header);
   Serial.println("----------------------");
}

//checkConnection==================================================================================
//This function is used to check for successful communication with the CH376S module. This is not dependant of the presence of a USB stick.
//Send any value between 0 to 255, and the CH376S module will return a number = 255 - value. 
void checkConnection(byte value){
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x06);
  USB.write(value);
  
  if(waitForResponse("checking connection")){       //wait for a response from the CH376S. If CH376S responds, it will be true. If it times out, it will be false.
    if(getResponseFromUSB()==(255-value)){
       Serial.println(">Connection to CH376S was successful.");
       blinkLED();                               //blink the LED for 1 second if the connection was successful
    } else {
      Serial.print(">Connection to CH376S - FAILED.");
    }
  }
}

//set_USB_Mode=====================================================================================
//Make sure that the USB is inserted when using 0x06 as the value in this specific code sequence
void set_USB_Mode (byte value){
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x15);
  USB.write(value);
  
  delay(20);
  
  if(USB.available()){
    USB_Byte=USB.read();
    //Check to see if the command has been successfully transmitted and acknowledged.
    if(USB_Byte==0x51){                                   // If true - the CH376S has acknowledged the command.
        Serial.println("set_USB_Mode command acknowledged"); //The CH376S will now check and monitor the USB port
        USB_Byte = USB.read();
        
        //Check to see if the USB stick is connected or not.
        if(USB_Byte==0x15){                               // If true - there is a USB stick connected
          Serial.println("USB is present");
          blinkLED();                                     // If the process was successful, then turn the LED on for 1 second 
        } else {
          Serial.print("USB Not present. Error code:");   // If the USB is not connected - it should return an Error code = FFH
          Serial.print(USB_Byte, HEX);
          Serial.println("H");
        }
        
    } else {
        Serial.print("CH3765 error!   Error code:");
        Serial.print(USB_Byte, HEX);
        Serial.println("H");
    }   
  }
  delay(20);
}

//resetALL=========================================================================================
//This will perform a hardware reset of the CH376S module - which usually takes about 35 msecs =====
void resetALL(){
    USB.write(0x57);
    USB.write(0xAB);
    USB.write(0x05);
    Serial.println("The CH376S module has been reset !");
    delay(200);
}

//readFile=====================================================================================
//This will send a series of commands to read data from a specific file (defined by fileName)
void readFile(String fileName){
  resetALL();                     //Reset the module
  set_USB_Mode(0x06);             //Set to USB Mode
  diskConnectionStatus();         //Check that communication with the USB device is possible
  USBdiskMount();                 //Prepare the USB for reading/writing - you need to mount the USB disk for proper read/write operations.
  setFileName(fileName);          //Set File name
  fileOpen();                     //Open the file for reading
  int fs = getFileSize();         //Get the size of the file
  fileRead();                     //***** Send the command to read the file ***
  fileClose(0x00);                //Close the file
}

//writeFile========================================================================================
//is used to create a new file and then write data to that file. "fileName" is a variable used to hold the name of the file (e.g TEST.TXT). "data" should not be greater than 255 bytes long. 
void writeFile(String fileName, String data){
  resetALL();                     //Reset the module
  set_USB_Mode(0x06);             //Set to USB Mode
  diskConnectionStatus();         //Check that communication with the USB device is possible
  USBdiskMount();                 //Prepare the USB for reading/writing - you need to mount the USB disk for proper read/write operations.
  setFileName(fileName);          //Set File name
  if(fileCreate()){               //Try to create a new file. If file creation is successful
    fileWrite(data);              //write data to the file.
  } else {
    Serial.println("File could not be created, or it already exists");
  }
  fileClose(0x01);
}

//appendFile()====================================================================================
//is used to write data to the end of the file, without erasing the contents of the file.
void appendFile(String fileName, String data){
    resetALL();                     //Reset the module
    set_USB_Mode(0x06);             //Set to USB Mode
    diskConnectionStatus();         //Check that communication with the USB device is possible
    USBdiskMount();                 //Prepare the USB for reading/writing - you need to mount the USB disk for proper read/write operations.
    setFileName(fileName);          //Set File name
    fileOpen();                     //Open the file
    filePointer(false);             //filePointer(false) is to set the pointer at the end of the file.  filePointer(true) will set the pointer to the beginning.
    fileWrite(data);                //Write data to the end of the file
    fileClose(0x01);                //Close the file using 0x01 - which means to update the size of the file on close. 
}
  
//setFileName======================================================================================
//This sets the name of the file to work with
void setFileName(String fileName){
  Serial.print("Setting filename to:");
  Serial.println(fileName);
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x2F);
  USB.write(0x2F);         // Every filename must have this byte to indicate the start of the file name.
  USB.print(fileName);     // "fileName" is a variable that holds the name of the file.  eg. TEST.TXT
  USB.write((byte)0x00);   // you need to cast as a byte - otherwise it will not compile.  The null byte indicates the end of the file name.
  delay(20);
}

//diskConnectionStatus================================================================================
//Check the disk connection status
void diskConnectionStatus(){
  Serial.println("Checking USB disk connection status");
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x30);

  if(waitForResponse("Connecting to USB disk")){       //wait for a response from the CH376S. If CH376S responds, it will be true. If it times out, it will be false.
    if(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){               //CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful
       Serial.println(">Connection to USB OK");
    } else {
      Serial.print(">Connection to USB - FAILED.");
    }
  }
}

//USBdiskMount========================================================================================
//initialise the USB disk and check that it is ready - this process is required if you want to find the manufacturing information of the USB disk
void USBdiskMount(){
  Serial.println("Mounting USB disk");
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x31);

  if(waitForResponse("mounting USB disk")){       //wait for a response from the CH376S. If CH376S responds, it will be true. If it times out, it will be false.
    if(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){               //CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful
       Serial.println(">USB Mounted - OK");
    } else {
      Serial.print(">Failed to Mount USB disk.");
    }
  }
}

//fileOpen========================================================================================
//opens the file for reading or writing
void fileOpen(){
  Serial.println("Opening file.");
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x32);
  if(waitForResponse("file Open")){                 //wait for a response from the CH376S. If CH376S responds, it will be true. If it times out, it will be false.
    if(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){                 //CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful  
       Serial.println(">File opened successfully.");
    } else {
      Serial.print(">Failed to open file.");
    }
  }
}

//setByteRead=====================================================================================
//This function is required if you want to read data from the file. 
boolean setByteRead(byte numBytes){
  boolean bytesToRead=false;
  int timeCounter = 0;
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x3A);
  USB.write((byte)numBytes);   //tells the CH376S how many bytes to read at a time
  USB.write((byte)0x00);
  if(waitForResponse("setByteRead")){       //wait for a response from the CH376S. If CH376S responds, it will be true. If it times out, it will be false.
    if(getResponseFromUSB()==0x1D){         //read the CH376S message. If equal to 0x1D, data is present, so return true. Will return 0x14 if no data is present.
      bytesToRead=true;
    }
  }
  return(bytesToRead);
} 

//getFileSize()===================================================================================
//writes the file size to the serial Monitor.
int getFileSize(){
  int fileSize=0;
  Serial.println("Getting File Size");
  USB.write(0x57);
  USB.write(0xAB);
  USB.write(0x0C);
  USB.write(0x68);
  delay(100);
  Serial.print("FileSize =");
  if(USB.available()){
    fileSize = fileSize + USB.read();
  } 
  if(USB.available()){
    fileSize = fileSize + (USB.read()*255);
  } 
  if(USB.available()){
    fileSize = fileSize + (USB.read()*255*255);
  } 
  if(USB.available()){
    fileSize = fileSize + (USB.read()*255*255*255);
  }     
  Serial.println(fileSize);
  delay(10);
  return(fileSize);
}


//fileRead========================================================================================
//read the contents of the file
void fileRead(){
  Serial.println("Reading file:");
  byte firstByte = 0x00;                     //Variable to hold the firstByte from every transmission.  Can be used as a checkSum if required.
  byte numBytes = 0x40;                      //The maximum value is 0x40  =  64 bytes
 
  while(setByteRead(numBytes)){              //This tells the CH376S module how many bytes to read on the next reading step. In this example, we will read 0x10 bytes at a time. Returns true if there are bytes to read, false if there are no more bytes to read.
    USB.write(0x57);
    USB.write(0xAB);
    USB.write(0x27);                          //Command to read ALL of the bytes (allocated by setByteRead(x))
    if(waitForResponse("reading data")){      //Wait for the CH376S module to return data. TimeOut will return false. If data is being transmitted, it will return true.
        firstByte=USB.read();                 //Read the first byte
        while(USB.available()){
          Serial.write(USB.read());           //Send the data from the USB disk to the Serial monitor
          delay(1);                           //This delay is necessary for successful Serial transmission
        }
    }
    if<!continueRead()){><span>//prepares the module for further reading. If false, stop reading.</span><br  />      <span>break</span>;                                   <span>//You need the continueRead() method if the data to be read from the USB device is greater than numBytes.</span><br  />    }<br  />  }<br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>();<br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(<span>"NO MORE DATA"</span>);<br  />}<br  /><br  /><span>//fileWrite=======================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//are the commands used to write to the file</span><br  /><span>void</span> fileWrite(<span>String</span> data){<br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(<span>"Writing to file:"</span>);<br  />  <span>byte</span> dataLength = (<span>byte</span>) data.<span>length</span>();         <span>// This variable holds the length of the data to be written (in bytes)</span><br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(data);<br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>print</span>(<span>"Data Length:"</span>);<br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(dataLength);<br  />  <span>delay</span>(100);<br  />  <span>// This set of commands tells the CH376S module how many bytes to expect from the Arduino.  (defined by the "dataLength" variable)</span><br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x3C);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>) dataLength);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>) 0x00);<br  />  <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"setting data Length"</span>)){      <span>// Wait for an acknowledgement from the CH376S module before trying to send data to it</span><br  />    <span>if</span>(getResponseFromUSB()==0x1E){                <span>// 0x1E indicates that the USB device is in write mode.</span><br  />      USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />      USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />      USB.<span>write</span>(0x2D);<br  />      USB.<span>print</span>(data);                             <span>// write the data to the file</span><br  />  <br  />      <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"writing data to file"</span>)){   <span>// wait for an acknowledgement from the CH376S module</span><br  />      }<br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>print</span>(<span>"Write code (normally FF and 14): "</span>);<br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>print</span>(USB.<span>read</span>(),<span>HEX</span>);                <span>// code is normally 0xFF</span><br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>print</span>(<span>","</span>);<br  />      USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />      USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />      USB.<span>write</span>(0x3D);                             <span>// This is used to update the file size. Not sure if this is necessary for successful writing.</span><br  />      <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"updating file size"</span>)){   <span>// wait for an acknowledgement from the CH376S module</span><br  />      }<br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(USB.<span>read</span>(),<span>HEX</span>);              <span>//code is normally 0x14</span><br  />    }<br  />  }<br  />}<br  /><br  /><span>//continueRead()==================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//continue to read the file : I could not get this function to work as intended.</span><br  /><span>boolean</span> continueRead(){<br  />  <span>boolean</span> readAgain = <span>false</span>;<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x3B);<br  />  <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"continueRead"</span>)){       <span>//wait for a response from the CH376S. If CH376S responds, it will be true. If it times out, it will be false.</span><br  />     <span>if</span>(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){         <span>//CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful</span><br  />       readAgain=<span>true</span>;<br  />     }<br  />  }<br  />  <span>return</span>(readAgain);<br  />} <br  /><br  /><span>//fileCreate()========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//the command sequence to create a file</span><br  /><span>boolean</span> fileCreate(){<br  />  <span>boolean</span> createdFile = <span>false</span>;<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x34);<br  />  <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"creating file"</span>)){       <span>//wait for a response from the CH376S. If file has been created successfully, it will return true.</span><br  />     <span>if</span>(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){          <span>//CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful</span><br  />       createdFile=<span>true</span>;<br  />     }<br  />  }<br  />  <span>return</span>(createdFile);<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//fileDelete()========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//the command sequence to delete a file</span><br  /><span>void</span> fileDelete(<span>String</span> fileName){<br  />  setFileName(fileName);<br  />  <span>delay</span>(20);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x35);<br  />  <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"deleting file"</span>)){       <span>//wait for a response from the CH376S. If file has been created successfully, it will return true.</span><br  />     <span>if</span>(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){          <span>//CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful</span><br  />       <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(<span>"Successfully deleted file"</span>);<br  />     }<br  />  }<br  />}<br  />  <br  /><br  /><span>//filePointer========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//is used to set the file pointer position. true for beginning of file, false for the end of the file.</span><br  /><span>void</span> filePointer(<span>boolean</span> fileBeginning){<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x39);<br  />  <span>if</span>(fileBeginning){<br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0x00);             <span>//beginning of file</span><br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0x00);<br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0x00);<br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0x00);<br  />  } <span>else</span> {<br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0xFF);             <span>//end of file</span><br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0xFF);<br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0xFF);<br  />    USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)0xFF);<br  />  }<br  />  <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"setting file pointer"</span>)){       <span>//wait for a response from the CH376S. </span><br  />     <span>if</span>(getResponseFromUSB()==0x14){                 <span>//CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful</span><br  />       <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(<span>"Pointer successfully applied"</span>);<br  />     }<br  />  }<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//fileClose=======================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//closes the file</span><br  /><span>void</span> fileClose(<span>byte</span> closeCmd){<br  />  <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(<span>"Closing file:"</span>);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x57);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0xAB);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>(0x36);<br  />  USB.<span>write</span>((<span>byte</span>)closeCmd);                                <span>// closeCmd = 0x00 = close without updating file Size, 0x01 = close and update file Size</span><br  /><br  />  <span>if</span>(waitForResponse(<span>"closing file"</span>)){                      <span>// wait for a response from the CH376S. </span><br  />     <span>byte</span> resp = getResponseFromUSB();<br  />     <span>if</span>(resp==0x14){                                        <span>// CH376S will send 0x14 if this command was successful</span><br  />       <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(<span>">File closed successfully."</span>);<br  />     } <span>else</span> {<br  />       <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>print</span>(<span>">Failed to close file. Error code:"</span>);<br  />       <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(resp, <span>HEX</span>);<br  />     }  <br  />  }<br  />}<br  /><br  /><span>//waitForResponse===================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//is used to wait for a response from USB. Returns true when bytes become available, false if it times out.</span><br  /><span>boolean</span> waitForResponse(<span>String</span> errorMsg){<br  />  <span>boolean</span> bytesAvailable = <span>true</span>;<br  />  <span>int</span> counter=0;<br  />  <span>while</span><!USB><span>available</span>()){     <span>//wait for CH376S to verify command</span><br  />    <span>delay</span>(1);<br  />    counter++;<br  />    <span>if</span>(counter>timeOut){<br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>print</span>(<span>"TimeOut waiting for response: Error while: "</span>);<br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(errorMsg);<br  />      bytesAvailable = <span>false</span>;<br  />      <span>break</span>;<br  />    }<br  />  }<br  />  <span>delay</span>(1);<br  />  <span>return</span>(bytesAvailable);<br  />}<br  /><br  /><span>//getResponseFromUSB================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//is used to get any error codes or messages from the CH376S module (in response to certain commands)</span><br  /><span>byte</span> getResponseFromUSB(){<br  />  <span>byte</span> response = <span>byte</span>(0x00);<br  />  <span>if</span> (USB.<span>available</span>()){<br  />    response = USB.<span>read</span>();<br  />  }<br  />  <span>return</span>(response);<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//blinkLED==========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>//Turn an LED on for 1 second</span><br  /><span>void</span> blinkLED(){<br  />  <span>digitalWrite</span>(LED, <span>HIGH</span>);<br  />  <span>delay</span>(1000);<br  />  <span>digitalWrite</span>(LED,<span>LOW</span>);<br  />}<br  /><br  /></pre> </td> </tr> </table></div></p> <br  /> <p>  If you copy and paste this code directly into the Arduino IDE;  you may get a warning like this when you compile the code:<br  />     <br  />           "Low memory available, stability problems may occur". <br  />          <br  />  I managed to run the sketch without any issues, however, I did experience problems with some of the methods when I had   made further memory hungry modifications. If you do encounter problems, I would recommend that you eliminate any   methods which you do not plan to use, and perhaps reduce the number of Serial.print statements throughout the code.   However, please note that some of the methods will not work unless the module is in the correct state, so be careful which methods you delete.   For example, I found that I could get some simple functionality without the "USBdiskMount()" method. However, I could not   read/write data beyond a certain length without this method.<br  />           <br  />         Also please note, that some of the methods called within the reading and writing sequence   do not need to be called every time. They can be called once in setup, while other methods within the sequence will need to be called every time.   I grouped them all together for simplicity.  </p> <!--separator --><img src="https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-XQiwNpdqOxk%2FT_rKCzDh4nI%2FAAAAAAAAAQY%2FOfYBljhU6Lk%2Fs1600%2FSeparator.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*"  /><br  /> <p><h4>Serial Commands</h4>  Have a look at the following presentation for a summary of the Serial commands used in this tutorial: <br  />     <br  /> <div> </div> </p> </div><p> <div> <!-- Concluding Comments --> </div> <br  />   <br  />   <div> <p> <!--separator --> <img src="https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-XQiwNpdqOxk%2FT_rKCzDh4nI%2FAAAAAAAAAQY%2FOfYBljhU6Lk%2Fs1600%2FSeparator.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*"  /><br  /> <br  /> </p> </div> </p><p> <div>   If you like this page, please do me a favour and show your appreciation : <br  /> <br  />     <br  />   Visit my <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/107402020974762902161/107402020974762902161/posts">ArduinoBasics Google + page</a>.<br  />   Follow me on Twitter by looking for <a href="https://twitter.com/ArduinoBasics">ScottC @ArduinoBasics</a>.<br  />   I can also be found on <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/ArduinoBasics/">Pinterest</a> and <a href="https://instagram.com/arduinobasics">Instagram</a>. <br  />   Have a look at my videos on my <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ScottCMe/videos">YouTube channel</a>.<br  /> </div> </p> <br  /> <div> <p> <!--separator --> <img src="https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-XQiwNpdqOxk%2FT_rKCzDh4nI%2FAAAAAAAAAQY%2FOfYBljhU6Lk%2Fs1600%2FSeparator.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*"  /><br  /> <br  /> </p> </div> <p>  However, if you do not have a google profile... <br  />Feel free to share this page with your friends in any way you see fit.  </p>

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/* =================================================================================================
      Project: Arduino Heart rate monitor
       Author: Scott C
      Created: 21st April 2015
  Arduino IDE: 1.6.2
      Website: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/p/arduino-basics-projects-page.html
  Description: This is a simple sketch that uses a Grove Ear-clip Heart Rate sensor attached to an Arduino UNO,
               which sends heart rate data to the computer via Serial communication. You can see the raw data
               using the Serial monitor on the Arduino IDE, however, this sketch was specifically
               designed to interface with the matching Processing sketch for a much nicer graphical display.
               NO LIBRARIES REQUIRED.
=================================================================================================== */

#define Heart 2                            //Attach the Grove Ear-clip sensor to digital pin 2.
#define LED 4                              //Attach an LED to digital pin 4

boolean beat = false;                      /* This "beat" variable is used to control the timing of the Serial communication
                                           so that data is only sent when there is a "change" in digital readings. */

//==SETUP==========================================================================================
void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);                     //Initialise serial communication
  pinMode(Heart, INPUT);                  //Set digital pin 2 (heart rate sensor pin) as an INPUT
  pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);                   //Set digital pin 4 (LED) to an OUTPUT
}


//==LOOP============================================================================================
void loop() {
  if(digitalRead(Heart)>0){               //The heart rate sensor will trigger HIGH when there is a heart beat
    if<!beat){><span>//Only send data when it first discovers a heart beat - otherwise it will send a high value multiple times</span><br  />      beat=<span>true</span>;                          <span>//By changing the beat variable to true, it stops further transmissions of the high signal</span><br  />      <span>digitalWrite</span>(LED, <span>HIGH</span>);            <span>//Turn the LED on </span><br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(1023);               <span>//Send the high value to the computer via Serial communication.</span><br  />    }<br  />  } <span>else</span> {                                <span>//If the reading is LOW, </span><br  />    <span>if</span>(beat){                             <span>//and if this has just changed from HIGH to LOW (first low reading)</span><br  />      beat=<span>false</span>;                         <span>//change the beat variable to false (to stop multiple transmissions)</span><br  />      <span>digitalWrite</span>(LED, <span>LOW</span>);             <span>//Turn the LED off.</span><br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(0);                  <span>//then send a low value to the computer via Serial communication.</span><br  />    }<br  />  }<br  />}</pre> </td> </tr> </table></div></p> <br  />   <br  />   <br  />   <br  />   <p> <h4><a href="https://processing.org/download/?processing">Processing Sketch</a></h4> <br  />    <div> <table> <tr> <td> <pre>  1<br  />  2<br  />  3<br  />  4<br  />  5<br  />  6<br  />  7<br  />  8<br  />  9<br  /> 10<br  /> 11<br  /> 12<br  /> 13<br  /> 14<br  /> 15<br  /> 16<br  /> 17<br  /> 18<br  /> 19<br  /> 20<br  /> 21<br  /> 22<br  /> 23<br  /> 24<br  /> 25<br  /> 26<br  /> 27<br  /> 28<br  /> 29<br  /> 30<br  /> 31<br  /> 32<br  /> 33<br  /> 34<br  /> 35<br  /> 36<br  /> 37<br  /> 38<br  /> 39<br  /> 40<br  /> 41<br  /> 42<br  /> 43<br  /> 44<br  /> 45<br  /> 46<br  /> 47<br  /> 48<br  /> 49<br  /> 50<br  /> 51<br  /> 52<br  /> 53<br  /> 54<br  /> 55<br  /> 56<br  /> 57<br  /> 58<br  /> 59<br  /> 60<br  /> 61<br  /> 62<br  /> 63<br  /> 64<br  /> 65<br  /> 66<br  /> 67<br  /> 68<br  /> 69<br  /> 70<br  /> 71<br  /> 72<br  /> 73<br  /> 74<br  /> 75<br  /> 76<br  /> 77<br  /> 78<br  /> 79<br  /> 80<br  /> 81<br  /> 82<br  /> 83<br  /> 84<br  /> 85<br  /> 86<br  /> 87<br  /> 88<br  /> 89<br  /> 90<br  /> 91<br  /> 92<br  /> 93<br  /> 94<br  /> 95<br  /> 96<br  /> 97<br  /> 98<br  /> 99<br  />100<br  />101<br  />102<br  />103<br  />104<br  />105<br  />106<br  />107<br  />108<br  />109<br  />110<br  />111<br  />112<br  />113<br  />114<br  />115<br  />116<br  />117<br  />118<br  />119<br  />120<br  />121<br  />122<br  />123<br  />124<br  />125<br  />126<br  />127<br  />128<br  />129<br  />130<br  />131<br  />132<br  />133<br  />134<br  />135<br  />136<br  />137<br  />138<br  />139<br  />140<br  />141<br  />142<br  />143<br  />144<br  />145<br  />146<br  />147<br  />148<br  />149<br  />150<br  />151<br  />152<br  />153<br  />154<br  />155<br  />156<br  />157<br  />158<br  />159<br  />160<br  />161<br  />162<br  />163<br  />164<br  />165<br  />166<br  />167<br  />168<br  />169<br  />170<br  />171<br  />172<br  />173<br  />174<br  />175<br  />176<br  />177<br  />178<br  />179<br  />180<br  />181<br  />182<br  />183<br  />184<br  />185<br  />186<br  />187<br  />188<br  />189<br  />190<br  />191<br  />192<br  />193<br  />194<br  />195<br  />196<br  />197<br  />198<br  />199<br  />200<br  />201<br  />202<br  />203<br  />204<br  />205<br  />206<br  />207<br  />208<br  />209<br  />210<br  />211<br  />212<br  />213<br  />214<br  /></pre> </td> <td> <pre><br  /><span>/* =================================================================================================</span><br  /><span>       Project: Arduino Heart rate monitor</span><br  /><span>        Author: Scott C</span><br  /><span>       Created: 21st April 2015</span><br  /><span>Processing IDE: 2.2.1</span><br  /><span>       Website: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/p/arduino-basics-projects-page.html</span><br  /><span>   Description: A Grove Ear-clip heart rate sensor allows an Arduino UNO to sense your pulse.</span><br  /><span>                The data obtained by the Arduino can then be sent to the computer via Serial communication</span><br  /><span>                which is then displayed graphically using this Processing sketch.</span><br  /><span>                </span><br  /><span>=================================================================================================== */</span><br  /><br  /><span>import</span> processing.serial.*;                             <span>// Import the serial library to allow Serial communication with the Arduino</span><br  /><br  /><span>int</span> numOfRecs = 45;                                     <span>//   numOfRecs: The number of rectangles to display across the screen</span><br  />Rectangle[] myRecs = <span>new</span> Rectangle[numOfRecs];          <span>//    myRecs[]: Is the array of Rectangles.  Rectangle is a custom class (programmed within this sketch)</span><br  /><br  />Serial myPort;                                         <br  /><span>String</span> comPortString=<span>"0"</span>;                              <span>//comPortString: Is used to hold the string received from the Arduino</span><br  /><span>float</span> arduinoValue = 0;                                 <span>//arduinoValue: Is the float variable converted from comPortString</span><br  /><span>boolean</span> beat = <span>false</span>;                                   <span>//        beat: Used to control for multiple high/low signals coming from the Arduino</span><br  /><br  /><span>int</span> totalTime = 0;                                      <span>//   totalTime: Is the variable used to identify the total time between beats</span><br  /><span>int</span> lastTime = 0;                                       <span>//    lastTime: Is the variable used to remember when the last beat took place</span><br  /><span>int</span> beatCounter = 0;                                    <span>// beatCounter: Is used to keep track of the number of beats (in order to calculate the average BPM)</span><br  /><span>int</span> totalBeats = 10;                                    <span>//  totalBeats: Tells the computer that we want to calculate the average BPM using 10 beats.</span><br  /><span>int</span>[] BPM = <span>new</span> <span>int</span>[totalBeats];                        <span>//       BPM[]: Is the Beat Per Minute (BPM) array - to hold 10 BPM calculations</span><br  /><span>int</span> sumBPM = 0;                                         <span>//      sumBPM: Is used to sum the BPM[] array values, and is then used to calculate the average BPM.</span><br  /><span>int</span> avgBPM = 0;                                         <span>//      avgBPM: Is the variable used to hold the average BPM calculated value.</span><br  /><br  /><span>PFont</span> f, f2;                                            <span>//     f & f2 : Are font related variables. Used to store font properties. </span><br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==SETUP==============================================================================================</span><br  /><span>void</span> <span><b>setup</b></span>(){<br  />  <span>size</span>(<span>displayWidth</span>,<span>displayHeight</span>);                     <span>// Set the size of the display to match the monitor width and height</span><br  />  <span>smooth</span>();                                             <span>// Draw all shapes with smooth edges.</span><br  />  f = <span>createFont</span>(<span>"Arial"</span>,24);                           <span>// Initialise the "f" font variable    - used for the "calibrating" text displayed at the beginning</span><br  />  f2 = <span>createFont</span>(<span>"Arial"</span>,96);                          <span>// Initialise the "f2" font variable   - used for the avgBPM display on screen</span><br  />  <br  />  <span>for</span>(<span>int</span> i=0; i<numOfRecs; i++){                       <span>// Initialise the array of rectangles</span><br  />    myRecs[i] = <span>new</span> Rectangle(i, numOfRecs);<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>for</span>(<span>int</span> i=0; i<totalBeats; i++){                      <span>// Initialise the BPM array</span><br  />    BPM[i] = 0;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  myPort = <span>new</span> Serial(<span>this</span>, Serial.<span>list</span>()[0], 9600);    <span>// Start Serial communication with the Arduino using a baud rate of 9600</span><br  />  myPort.bufferUntil(<span>'\n'</span>);                             <span>// Trigger a SerialEvent on new line</span><br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==DRAW==============================================================================================</span><br  /><span>void</span> <span><b>draw</b></span>(){<br  />  <span>background</span>(0);                                        <span>// Set the background to BLACK (this clears the screen each time)</span><br  />  drawRecs();                                           <span>// Method call to draw the rectangles on the screen</span><br  />  drawBPM();                                            <span>// Method call to draw the avgBPM value to the top right of the screen</span><br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==drawRecs==========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>void</span> drawRecs(){                                        <span>// This custom method will draw the rectangles on the screen                                </span><br  />  myRecs[0].setSize(arduinoValue);                      <span>// Set the first rectangle to match arduinoValue; any positive value will start the animation.</span><br  />  <span>for</span>(<span>int</span> i=numOfRecs-1; i>0; i--){                     <span>// The loop counts backwards for coding efficiency - and is used to draw all of the rectangles to screen</span><br  />    myRecs[i].setMult(i);                               <span>// setMulti creates the specific curve pattern. </span><br  />    myRecs[i].setRed(avgBPM);                           <span>// The rectangles become more "Red" with higher avgBPM values</span><br  />    myRecs[i].setSize(myRecs[i-1].getH());              <span>// The current rectangle size is determined by the height of the rectangle immediately to it's left</span><br  />    <span>fill</span>(myRecs[i].getR(),myRecs[i].getG(), myRecs[i].getB());                     <span>// Set the colour of this rectangle</span><br  />    <span>rect</span>(myRecs[i].getX(), myRecs[i].getY(), myRecs[i].getW(), myRecs[i].getH());  <span>// Draw this rectangle</span><br  />  }<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==drawBPM===========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>void</span> drawBPM(){                                         <span>// This custom method is used to calculate the avgBPM and draw it to screen.</span><br  />  sumBPM = 0;                                           <span>// Reset the sumBPM variable</span><br  />  avgBPM = 0;                                           <span>// Reset the avgBPM variable</span><br  />  <span>boolean</span> calibrating = <span>false</span>;                          <span>// calibrating: this boolean variable is used to control when the avgBPM is displayed to screen</span><br  />  <br  />  <span>for</span>(<span>int</span> i=1; i<totalBeats; i++){<br  />    sumBPM = sumBPM + BPM[i-1];                         <span>// Sum all of the BPM values in the BPM array.</span><br  />    <span>if</span>(BPM[i-1]<1){                                     <span>// If any BPM values are equal to 0, then set the calibrating variable to true. </span><br  />      calibrating = <span>true</span>;                               <span>// This will be used later to display "calibrating" on the screen.</span><br  />    }<br  />  }<br  />  avgBPM = sumBPM/(totalBeats-1);                       <span>// Calculate the average BPM from all BPM values</span><br  />                                                        <br  />  <span>fill</span>(255);                                            <span>// The text will be displayed as WHITE text</span><br  />  <span>if</span>(calibrating){<br  />    <span>textFont</span>(f);<br  />    <span>text</span>(<span>"Calibrating"</span>, (4*<span>width</span>)/5, (<span>height</span>/5));      <span>// If the calibrating variable is TRUE, then display the word "Calibrating" on screen</span><br  />    <span>fill</span>(0);                                           <span>// Change the fill and stroke to black (0) so that other text is "hidden" while calibrating variable is TRUE</span><br  />    <span>stroke</span>(0);<br  />  } <span>else</span> {<br  />    <span>textFont</span>(f2);<br  />    <span>text</span>(avgBPM, (4*<span>width</span>)/5, (<span>height</span>/5));             <span>// If the calibrating variable is FALSE, then display the avgBPM variable on screen</span><br  />    <span>stroke</span>(255);                                       <span>// Change the stroke to white (255) to show the white line underlying the word BPM.</span><br  />  }<br  />  <br  />   <span>textFont</span>(f);<br  />   <span>text</span>(<span>"BPM"</span>, (82*<span>width</span>)/100, (<span>height</span>/11));           <span>// This will display the underlined word "BPM" when calibrating variable is FALSE.</span><br  />   <span>line</span>((80*<span>width</span>)/100, (<span>height</span>/10),(88*<span>width</span>)/100, (<span>height</span>/10));<br  />   <span>stroke</span>(0);<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==serialEvent===========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>void</span> serialEvent(Serial cPort){                        <span>// This will be triggered every time a "new line" of data is received from the Arduino</span><br  /> comPortString = cPort.readStringUntil(<span>'\n'</span>);          <span>// Read this data into the comPortString variable.</span><br  /> <span>if</span>(comPortString != <span>null</span>) {                           <span>// If the comPortString variable is not NULL then</span><br  />   comPortString=<span>trim</span>(comPortString);                  <span>// trim any white space around the text.</span><br  />   <span>int</span> i = <span>int</span>(<span>map</span>(<span>Integer</span>.<span>parseInt</span>(comPortString),1,1023,1,<span>height</span>));  <span>// convert the string to an integer, and map the value so that the rectangle will fit within the screen.</span><br  />   arduinoValue = <span>float</span>(i);                            <span>// Convert the integer into a float value.</span><br  />   <span>if</span> (!beat){<br  />     <span>if</span>(arduinoValue>0){                               <span>// When a beat is detected, the "trigger" method is called.</span><br  />       trigger(<span>millis</span>());                              <span>// millis() creates a timeStamp of when the beat occured.</span><br  />       beat=<span>true</span>;                                      <span>// The beat variable is changed to TRUE to register that a beat has been detected.</span><br  />     }<br  />   }<br  />   <span>if</span> (arduinoValue<1){                                <span>// When the Arduino value returns back to zero, we will need to change the beat status to FALSE.</span><br  />     beat = <span>false</span>;<br  />   }<br  /> }<br  />} <br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==trigger===========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>void</span> trigger(<span>int</span> time){                                <span>// This method is used to calculate the Beats per Minute (BPM) and to store the last 10 BPMs into the BPM[] array.</span><br  />  totalTime = time - lastTime;                         <span>// totalTime = the current beat time minus the last time there was a beat.</span><br  />  lastTime = time;                                     <span>// Set the lastTime variable to the current "time" for the next round of calculations.</span><br  />  BPM[beatCounter] = 60000/totalTime;                  <span>// Calculate BPM from the totalTime. 60000 = 1 minute.</span><br  />  beatCounter++;                                       <span>// Increment the beatCounter </span><br  />  <span>if</span> (beatCounter>totalBeats-1){                       <span>// Reset the beatCounter when the total number of BPMs have been stored into the BPM[] array.</span><br  />    beatCounter=0;                                     <span>// This allows us to keep the last 10 BPM calculations at all times.</span><br  />  }<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==sketchFullScreen==========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>boolean</span> sketchFullScreen() {                           <span>// This puts Processing into Full Screen Mode</span><br  /> <span>return</span> <span>true</span>;<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==Rectangle CLASS==================================================================================*********</span><br  /><span>class</span> Rectangle{<br  />  <span>float</span> xPos, defaultY, yPos, myWidth, myHeight, myMultiplier;    <span>// Variables used for drawing rectangles</span><br  />  <span>int</span> blueVal, greenVal, redVal;                                  <span>// Variables used for the rectangle colour</span><br  />  <br  />  Rectangle(<span>int</span> recNum, <span>int</span> nRecs){                               <span>// The rectangles are constructed using two variables. The total number of rectangles to be displayed, and the identification of this rectangle (recNum)</span><br  />    myWidth = <span>displayWidth</span>/nRecs;                                 <span>// The width of the rectangle is determined by the screen width and the total number of rectangles.</span><br  />    xPos = recNum * myWidth;                                      <span>// The x Position of this rectangle is determined by the width of the rectangles (all same) and the rectangle identifier.</span><br  />    defaultY=<span>displayHeight</span>/2;                                     <span>// The default Y position of the rectangle is half way down the screen.</span><br  />    yPos = defaultY;                                              <span>// yPos is used to adjust the position of the rectangle as the size changes.</span><br  />    myHeight = 1;                                                 <span>// The height of the rectangle starts at 1 pixel</span><br  />    myMultiplier = 1;                                             <span>// The myMultiplier variable will be used to create the funnel shaped path for the rectangles.</span><br  />    redVal = 0;                                                   <span>// The red Value starts off being 0 - but changes with avgBPM. Higher avgBPM means higher redVal</span><br  />    <br  />    <span>if</span> (recNum>0){                                                <span>// The blue Value progressively increases with every rectangle (moving to the right of the screen)</span><br  />      blueVal = (recNum*255)/nRecs;<br  />    } <span>else</span> {<br  />      blueVal = 0;<br  />    }<br  />    greenVal = 255-blueVal;                                       <span>// Initially, the green value is at the opposite end of the spectrum to the blue value.</span><br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>void</span> setSize(<span>float</span> newSize){                                    <span>// This is used to set the new size of each rectangle </span><br  />    myHeight=newSize*myMultiplier;<br  />    yPos=defaultY-(newSize/2);<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>void</span> setMult(<span>int</span> i){                                            <span>// The multiplier is a function of COS, which means that it varies from 1 to 0.</span><br  />    myMultiplier = <span>cos</span>(<span>radians</span>(i));                               <span>// You can try other functions to experience different effects.</span><br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>void</span> setRed(<span>int</span> r){<br  />    redVal = <span>int</span>(<span>constrain</span>(<span>map</span>(<span>float</span>(r), 60, 100, 0, 255),0,255)); <span>// setRed is used to change the redValue based on the "normal" value for resting BPM (60-100). </span><br  />    greenVal = 255 - redVal;                                       <span>// When the avgBPM > 100, redVal will equal 255, and the greenVal will equal 0.</span><br  />  }                                                                <span>// When the avgBPM < 60, redVal will equal 0, and greenVal will equal 255.</span><br  />  <br  />  <span>float</span>  getX(){                                                   <span>// get the x Position of the rectangle</span><br  />    <span>return</span> xPos;<br  />  }<br  /> <br  />  <span>float</span> getY(){                                                    <span>// get the y Position of the rectangle</span><br  />    <span>return</span> yPos;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>float</span> getW(){                                                    <span>// get the width of the rectangle</span><br  />    <span>return</span> myWidth;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>float</span> getH(){                                                    <span>// get the height of the rectangle</span><br  />    <span>return</span> myHeight;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>float</span> getM(){                                                    <span>// get the Multiplier of the rectangle</span><br  />    <span>return</span> myMultiplier;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>int</span> getB(){                                                      <span>// get the "blue" component of the rectangle colour</span><br  />    <span>return</span> blueVal;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>int</span> getR(){                                                      <span>// get the "red" component of the rectangle colour</span><br  />    <span>return</span> redVal;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>int</span> getG(){                                                      <span>// get the "green" component of the rectangle colour</span><br  />    <span>return</span> greenVal;<br  />  }<br  />}<br  /><br  /></pre> </td> </tr> </table></div></p> <br  />   <br  /> <p> <h4>Processing Code Discussion:</h4><br  /> </p><p>       The Rectangle class was created to store relevant information about each rectangle.        By using a custom class, we were able to design our rectangles any way we wanted.        These rectangles have properties and methods which allow us to easily control their        position, size and colour. By adding some smart functionality to each rectangle, we were able to get the rectangle to automatically        position and colour itself based on key values. </p> <p>        The Serial library is used to allow communication with the Arduino. In this Processing sketch, the values obtained from the Arduino         were converted to floats to allow easy calulations of the beats per minute (BPM).         I am aware that I have over-engineered the serialEvent method somewhat, because the Arduino         is only really sending two values. I didn't really need to convert the String. But I am happy with         the end result, and it does the job I needed it to...        </p> <div> <p> <div> <a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EVTCQ3vkgGc/VTnOarlOWSI/AAAAAAAABdc/MslEU5oirAY/s1600/Complete%2BWorkstation2.jpg"><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EVTCQ3vkgGc/VTnOarlOWSI/AAAAAAAABdc/MslEU5oirAY/s1600/Complete%2BWorkstation2.jpg"  /> </a> </div> </p> </div> </div><!--separator --><img src="https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-XQiwNpdqOxk%2FT_rKCzDh4nI%2FAAAAAAAAAQY%2FOfYBljhU6Lk%2Fs1600%2FSeparator.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*"  /><br  /><p> <div>     This project is quite simple. I designed it so that you could omit the Processing code if you wanted to.      In that scenario, you would only be left with a blinking LED that blinks in time with your pulse.      The Processing code takes this project to the next level. It provides a nice animation and calculates         the beats per minute (BPM). <br  />           <br  />        I hope you liked this tutorial. Please feel free to share it, comment or give it a plus one.         If you didn't like it, I would still appreciate your constructive feedback.  </div> <br  />   <div> <p> <!--separator --> <img src="https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-XQiwNpdqOxk%2FT_rKCzDh4nI%2FAAAAAAAAAQY%2FOfYBljhU6Lk%2Fs1600%2FSeparator.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*"  /><br  /> <br  /> </p> </div> </p><p> <div>   If you like this page, please do me a favour and show your appreciation : <br  /> <br  />     <br  />   Visit my <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/107402020974762902161/107402020974762902161/posts">ArduinoBasics Google + page</a>.<br  />   Follow me on Twitter by looking for <a href="https://twitter.com/ArduinoBasics">ScottC @ArduinoBasics</a>.<br  />   I can also be found on <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/ArduinoBasics/">Pinterest</a> and <a href="https://instagram.com/arduinobasics">Instagram</a>. <br  />   Have a look at my videos on my <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ScottCMe/videos">YouTube channel</a>.<br  /> </div> </p> <br  />   <br  />   <p> <div> <a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-x_TA-qhOCzM/VTnULXoWhQI/AAAAAAAABds/quh02BWGsec/s1600/Slide1.JPG"><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-x_TA-qhOCzM/VTnULXoWhQI/AAAAAAAABds/quh02BWGsec/s1600/Slide1.JPG"  /></a></div><br  /> </p> <br  />   <br  />   <br  />   <div> <p> <!--separator --> <img src="https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-XQiwNpdqOxk%2FT_rKCzDh4nI%2FAAAAAAAAAQY%2FOfYBljhU6Lk%2Fs1600%2FSeparator.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*"  /><br  /> <br  /> </p> </div> <p>  However, if you do not have a google profile... <br  />Feel free to share this page with your friends in any way you see fit.  </p>

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/* =================================================================================================
      Project: Arduino Heart rate monitor
       Author: Scott C
      Created: 21st April 2015
  Arduino IDE: 1.6.2
      Website: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/p/arduino-basics-projects-page.html
  Description: This is a simple sketch that uses a Grove Ear-clip Heart Rate sensor attached to an Arduino UNO,
               which sends heart rate data to the computer via Serial communication. You can see the raw data
               using the Serial monitor on the Arduino IDE, however, this sketch was specifically
               designed to interface with the matching Processing sketch for a much nicer graphical display.
               NO LIBRARIES REQUIRED.
=================================================================================================== */

#define Heart 2                            //Attach the Grove Ear-clip sensor to digital pin 2.
#define LED 4                              //Attach an LED to digital pin 4

boolean beat = false;                      /* This "beat" variable is used to control the timing of the Serial communication
                                           so that data is only sent when there is a "change" in digital readings. */

//==SETUP==========================================================================================
void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);                     //Initialise serial communication
  pinMode(Heart, INPUT);                  //Set digital pin 2 (heart rate sensor pin) as an INPUT
  pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);                   //Set digital pin 4 (LED) to an OUTPUT
}


//==LOOP============================================================================================
void loop() {
  if(digitalRead(Heart)>0){               //The heart rate sensor will trigger HIGH when there is a heart beat
    if<!beat){><span>//Only send data when it first discovers a heart beat - otherwise it will send a high value multiple times</span><br  />      beat=<span>true</span>;                          <span>//By changing the beat variable to true, it stops further transmissions of the high signal</span><br  />      <span>digitalWrite</span>(LED, <span>HIGH</span>);            <span>//Turn the LED on </span><br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(1023);               <span>//Send the high value to the computer via Serial communication.</span><br  />    }<br  />  } <span>else</span> {                                <span>//If the reading is LOW, </span><br  />    <span>if</span>(beat){                             <span>//and if this has just changed from HIGH to LOW (first low reading)</span><br  />      beat=<span>false</span>;                         <span>//change the beat variable to false (to stop multiple transmissions)</span><br  />      <span>digitalWrite</span>(LED, <span>LOW</span>);             <span>//Turn the LED off.</span><br  />      <span><b>Serial</b></span>.<span>println</span>(0);                  <span>//then send a low value to the computer via Serial communication.</span><br  />    }<br  />  }<br  />}</pre> </td> </tr> </table></div></p> <br  />   <br  />   <br  />   <br  />   <p> <h4><a href="https://processing.org/download/?processing">Processing Sketch</a></h4> <br  />    <div> <table> <tr> <td> <pre>  1<br  />  2<br  />  3<br  />  4<br  />  5<br  />  6<br  />  7<br  />  8<br  />  9<br  /> 10<br  /> 11<br  /> 12<br  /> 13<br  /> 14<br  /> 15<br  /> 16<br  /> 17<br  /> 18<br  /> 19<br  /> 20<br  /> 21<br  /> 22<br  /> 23<br  /> 24<br  /> 25<br  /> 26<br  /> 27<br  /> 28<br  /> 29<br  /> 30<br  /> 31<br  /> 32<br  /> 33<br  /> 34<br  /> 35<br  /> 36<br  /> 37<br  /> 38<br  /> 39<br  /> 40<br  /> 41<br  /> 42<br  /> 43<br  /> 44<br  /> 45<br  /> 46<br  /> 47<br  /> 48<br  /> 49<br  /> 50<br  /> 51<br  /> 52<br  /> 53<br  /> 54<br  /> 55<br  /> 56<br  /> 57<br  /> 58<br  /> 59<br  /> 60<br  /> 61<br  /> 62<br  /> 63<br  /> 64<br  /> 65<br  /> 66<br  /> 67<br  /> 68<br  /> 69<br  /> 70<br  /> 71<br  /> 72<br  /> 73<br  /> 74<br  /> 75<br  /> 76<br  /> 77<br  /> 78<br  /> 79<br  /> 80<br  /> 81<br  /> 82<br  /> 83<br  /> 84<br  /> 85<br  /> 86<br  /> 87<br  /> 88<br  /> 89<br  /> 90<br  /> 91<br  /> 92<br  /> 93<br  /> 94<br  /> 95<br  /> 96<br  /> 97<br  /> 98<br  /> 99<br  />100<br  />101<br  />102<br  />103<br  />104<br  />105<br  />106<br  />107<br  />108<br  />109<br  />110<br  />111<br  />112<br  />113<br  />114<br  />115<br  />116<br  />117<br  />118<br  />119<br  />120<br  />121<br  />122<br  />123<br  />124<br  />125<br  />126<br  />127<br  />128<br  />129<br  />130<br  />131<br  />132<br  />133<br  />134<br  />135<br  />136<br  />137<br  />138<br  />139<br  />140<br  />141<br  />142<br  />143<br  />144<br  />145<br  />146<br  />147<br  />148<br  />149<br  />150<br  />151<br  />152<br  />153<br  />154<br  />155<br  />156<br  />157<br  />158<br  />159<br  />160<br  />161<br  />162<br  />163<br  />164<br  />165<br  />166<br  />167<br  />168<br  />169<br  />170<br  />171<br  />172<br  />173<br  />174<br  />175<br  />176<br  />177<br  />178<br  />179<br  />180<br  />181<br  />182<br  />183<br  />184<br  />185<br  />186<br  />187<br  />188<br  />189<br  />190<br  />191<br  />192<br  />193<br  />194<br  />195<br  />196<br  />197<br  />198<br  />199<br  />200<br  />201<br  />202<br  />203<br  />204<br  />205<br  />206<br  />207<br  />208<br  />209<br  />210<br  />211<br  />212<br  />213<br  />214<br  /></pre> </td> <td> <pre><br  /><span>/* =================================================================================================</span><br  /><span>       Project: Arduino Heart rate monitor</span><br  /><span>        Author: Scott C</span><br  /><span>       Created: 21st April 2015</span><br  /><span>Processing IDE: 2.2.1</span><br  /><span>       Website: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/p/arduino-basics-projects-page.html</span><br  /><span>   Description: A Grove Ear-clip heart rate sensor allows an Arduino UNO to sense your pulse.</span><br  /><span>                The data obtained by the Arduino can then be sent to the computer via Serial communication</span><br  /><span>                which is then displayed graphically using this Processing sketch.</span><br  /><span>                </span><br  /><span>=================================================================================================== */</span><br  /><br  /><span>import</span> processing.serial.*;                             <span>// Import the serial library to allow Serial communication with the Arduino</span><br  /><br  /><span>int</span> numOfRecs = 45;                                     <span>//   numOfRecs: The number of rectangles to display across the screen</span><br  />Rectangle[] myRecs = <span>new</span> Rectangle[numOfRecs];          <span>//    myRecs[]: Is the array of Rectangles.  Rectangle is a custom class (programmed within this sketch)</span><br  /><br  />Serial myPort;                                         <br  /><span>String</span> comPortString=<span>"0"</span>;                              <span>//comPortString: Is used to hold the string received from the Arduino</span><br  /><span>float</span> arduinoValue = 0;                                 <span>//arduinoValue: Is the float variable converted from comPortString</span><br  /><span>boolean</span> beat = <span>false</span>;                                   <span>//        beat: Used to control for multiple high/low signals coming from the Arduino</span><br  /><br  /><span>int</span> totalTime = 0;                                      <span>//   totalTime: Is the variable used to identify the total time between beats</span><br  /><span>int</span> lastTime = 0;                                       <span>//    lastTime: Is the variable used to remember when the last beat took place</span><br  /><span>int</span> beatCounter = 0;                                    <span>// beatCounter: Is used to keep track of the number of beats (in order to calculate the average BPM)</span><br  /><span>int</span> totalBeats = 10;                                    <span>//  totalBeats: Tells the computer that we want to calculate the average BPM using 10 beats.</span><br  /><span>int</span>[] BPM = <span>new</span> <span>int</span>[totalBeats];                        <span>//       BPM[]: Is the Beat Per Minute (BPM) array - to hold 10 BPM calculations</span><br  /><span>int</span> sumBPM = 0;                                         <span>//      sumBPM: Is used to sum the BPM[] array values, and is then used to calculate the average BPM.</span><br  /><span>int</span> avgBPM = 0;                                         <span>//      avgBPM: Is the variable used to hold the average BPM calculated value.</span><br  /><br  /><span>PFont</span> f, f2;                                            <span>//     f & f2 : Are font related variables. Used to store font properties. </span><br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==SETUP==============================================================================================</span><br  /><span>void</span> <span><b>setup</b></span>(){<br  />  <span>size</span>(<span>displayWidth</span>,<span>displayHeight</span>);                     <span>// Set the size of the display to match the monitor width and height</span><br  />  <span>smooth</span>();                                             <span>// Draw all shapes with smooth edges.</span><br  />  f = <span>createFont</span>(<span>"Arial"</span>,24);                           <span>// Initialise the "f" font variable    - used for the "calibrating" text displayed at the beginning</span><br  />  f2 = <span>createFont</span>(<span>"Arial"</span>,96);                          <span>// Initialise the "f2" font variable   - used for the avgBPM display on screen</span><br  />  <br  />  <span>for</span>(<span>int</span> i=0; i<numOfRecs; i++){                       <span>// Initialise the array of rectangles</span><br  />    myRecs[i] = <span>new</span> Rectangle(i, numOfRecs);<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>for</span>(<span>int</span> i=0; i<totalBeats; i++){                      <span>// Initialise the BPM array</span><br  />    BPM[i] = 0;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  myPort = <span>new</span> Serial(<span>this</span>, Serial.<span>list</span>()[0], 9600);    <span>// Start Serial communication with the Arduino using a baud rate of 9600</span><br  />  myPort.bufferUntil(<span>'\n'</span>);                             <span>// Trigger a SerialEvent on new line</span><br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==DRAW==============================================================================================</span><br  /><span>void</span> <span><b>draw</b></span>(){<br  />  <span>background</span>(0);                                        <span>// Set the background to BLACK (this clears the screen each time)</span><br  />  drawRecs();                                           <span>// Method call to draw the rectangles on the screen</span><br  />  drawBPM();                                            <span>// Method call to draw the avgBPM value to the top right of the screen</span><br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==drawRecs==========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>void</span> drawRecs(){                                        <span>// This custom method will draw the rectangles on the screen                                </span><br  />  myRecs[0].setSize(arduinoValue);                      <span>// Set the first rectangle to match arduinoValue; any positive value will start the animation.</span><br  />  <span>for</span>(<span>int</span> i=numOfRecs-1; i>0; i--){                     <span>// The loop counts backwards for coding efficiency - and is used to draw all of the rectangles to screen</span><br  />    myRecs[i].setMult(i);                               <span>// setMulti creates the specific curve pattern. </span><br  />    myRecs[i].setRed(avgBPM);                           <span>// The rectangles become more "Red" with higher avgBPM values</span><br  />    myRecs[i].setSize(myRecs[i-1].getH());              <span>// The current rectangle size is determined by the height of the rectangle immediately to it's left</span><br  />    <span>fill</span>(myRecs[i].getR(),myRecs[i].getG(), myRecs[i].getB());                     <span>// Set the colour of this rectangle</span><br  />    <span>rect</span>(myRecs[i].getX(), myRecs[i].getY(), myRecs[i].getW(), myRecs[i].getH());  <span>// Draw this rectangle</span><br  />  }<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==drawBPM===========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>void</span> drawBPM(){                                         <span>// This custom method is used to calculate the avgBPM and draw it to screen.</span><br  />  sumBPM = 0;                                           <span>// Reset the sumBPM variable</span><br  />  avgBPM = 0;                                           <span>// Reset the avgBPM variable</span><br  />  <span>boolean</span> calibrating = <span>false</span>;                          <span>// calibrating: this boolean variable is used to control when the avgBPM is displayed to screen</span><br  />  <br  />  <span>for</span>(<span>int</span> i=1; i<totalBeats; i++){<br  />    sumBPM = sumBPM + BPM[i-1];                         <span>// Sum all of the BPM values in the BPM array.</span><br  />    <span>if</span>(BPM[i-1]<1){                                     <span>// If any BPM values are equal to 0, then set the calibrating variable to true. </span><br  />      calibrating = <span>true</span>;                               <span>// This will be used later to display "calibrating" on the screen.</span><br  />    }<br  />  }<br  />  avgBPM = sumBPM/(totalBeats-1);                       <span>// Calculate the average BPM from all BPM values</span><br  />                                                        <br  />  <span>fill</span>(255);                                            <span>// The text will be displayed as WHITE text</span><br  />  <span>if</span>(calibrating){<br  />    <span>textFont</span>(f);<br  />    <span>text</span>(<span>"Calibrating"</span>, (4*<span>width</span>)/5, (<span>height</span>/5));      <span>// If the calibrating variable is TRUE, then display the word "Calibrating" on screen</span><br  />    <span>fill</span>(0);                                           <span>// Change the fill and stroke to black (0) so that other text is "hidden" while calibrating variable is TRUE</span><br  />    <span>stroke</span>(0);<br  />  } <span>else</span> {<br  />    <span>textFont</span>(f2);<br  />    <span>text</span>(avgBPM, (4*<span>width</span>)/5, (<span>height</span>/5));             <span>// If the calibrating variable is FALSE, then display the avgBPM variable on screen</span><br  />    <span>stroke</span>(255);                                       <span>// Change the stroke to white (255) to show the white line underlying the word BPM.</span><br  />  }<br  />  <br  />   <span>textFont</span>(f);<br  />   <span>text</span>(<span>"BPM"</span>, (82*<span>width</span>)/100, (<span>height</span>/11));           <span>// This will display the underlined word "BPM" when calibrating variable is FALSE.</span><br  />   <span>line</span>((80*<span>width</span>)/100, (<span>height</span>/10),(88*<span>width</span>)/100, (<span>height</span>/10));<br  />   <span>stroke</span>(0);<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==serialEvent===========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>void</span> serialEvent(Serial cPort){                        <span>// This will be triggered every time a "new line" of data is received from the Arduino</span><br  /> comPortString = cPort.readStringUntil(<span>'\n'</span>);          <span>// Read this data into the comPortString variable.</span><br  /> <span>if</span>(comPortString != <span>null</span>) {                           <span>// If the comPortString variable is not NULL then</span><br  />   comPortString=<span>trim</span>(comPortString);                  <span>// trim any white space around the text.</span><br  />   <span>int</span> i = <span>int</span>(<span>map</span>(<span>Integer</span>.<span>parseInt</span>(comPortString),1,1023,1,<span>height</span>));  <span>// convert the string to an integer, and map the value so that the rectangle will fit within the screen.</span><br  />   arduinoValue = <span>float</span>(i);                            <span>// Convert the integer into a float value.</span><br  />   <span>if</span> (!beat){<br  />     <span>if</span>(arduinoValue>0){                               <span>// When a beat is detected, the "trigger" method is called.</span><br  />       trigger(<span>millis</span>());                              <span>// millis() creates a timeStamp of when the beat occured.</span><br  />       beat=<span>true</span>;                                      <span>// The beat variable is changed to TRUE to register that a beat has been detected.</span><br  />     }<br  />   }<br  />   <span>if</span> (arduinoValue<1){                                <span>// When the Arduino value returns back to zero, we will need to change the beat status to FALSE.</span><br  />     beat = <span>false</span>;<br  />   }<br  /> }<br  />} <br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==trigger===========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>void</span> trigger(<span>int</span> time){                                <span>// This method is used to calculate the Beats per Minute (BPM) and to store the last 10 BPMs into the BPM[] array.</span><br  />  totalTime = time - lastTime;                         <span>// totalTime = the current beat time minus the last time there was a beat.</span><br  />  lastTime = time;                                     <span>// Set the lastTime variable to the current "time" for the next round of calculations.</span><br  />  BPM[beatCounter] = 60000/totalTime;                  <span>// Calculate BPM from the totalTime. 60000 = 1 minute.</span><br  />  beatCounter++;                                       <span>// Increment the beatCounter </span><br  />  <span>if</span> (beatCounter>totalBeats-1){                       <span>// Reset the beatCounter when the total number of BPMs have been stored into the BPM[] array.</span><br  />    beatCounter=0;                                     <span>// This allows us to keep the last 10 BPM calculations at all times.</span><br  />  }<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==sketchFullScreen==========================================================================================</span><br  /><span>boolean</span> sketchFullScreen() {                           <span>// This puts Processing into Full Screen Mode</span><br  /> <span>return</span> <span>true</span>;<br  />}<br  /><br  /><br  /><span>//==Rectangle CLASS==================================================================================*********</span><br  /><span>class</span> Rectangle{<br  />  <span>float</span> xPos, defaultY, yPos, myWidth, myHeight, myMultiplier;    <span>// Variables used for drawing rectangles</span><br  />  <span>int</span> blueVal, greenVal, redVal;                                  <span>// Variables used for the rectangle colour</span><br  />  <br  />  Rectangle(<span>int</span> recNum, <span>int</span> nRecs){                               <span>// The rectangles are constructed using two variables. The total number of rectangles to be displayed, and the identification of this rectangle (recNum)</span><br  />    myWidth = <span>displayWidth</span>/nRecs;                                 <span>// The width of the rectangle is determined by the screen width and the total number of rectangles.</span><br  />    xPos = recNum * myWidth;                                      <span>// The x Position of this rectangle is determined by the width of the rectangles (all same) and the rectangle identifier.</span><br  />    defaultY=<span>displayHeight</span>/2;                                     <span>// The default Y position of the rectangle is half way down the screen.</span><br  />    yPos = defaultY;                                              <span>// yPos is used to adjust the position of the rectangle as the size changes.</span><br  />    myHeight = 1;                                                 <span>// The height of the rectangle starts at 1 pixel</span><br  />    myMultiplier = 1;                                             <span>// The myMultiplier variable will be used to create the funnel shaped path for the rectangles.</span><br  />    redVal = 0;                                                   <span>// The red Value starts off being 0 - but changes with avgBPM. Higher avgBPM means higher redVal</span><br  />    <br  />    <span>if</span> (recNum>0){                                                <span>// The blue Value progressively increases with every rectangle (moving to the right of the screen)</span><br  />      blueVal = (recNum*255)/nRecs;<br  />    } <span>else</span> {<br  />      blueVal = 0;<br  />    }<br  />    greenVal = 255-blueVal;                                       <span>// Initially, the green value is at the opposite end of the spectrum to the blue value.</span><br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>void</span> setSize(<span>float</span> newSize){                                    <span>// This is used to set the new size of each rectangle </span><br  />    myHeight=newSize*myMultiplier;<br  />    yPos=defaultY-(newSize/2);<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>void</span> setMult(<span>int</span> i){                                            <span>// The multiplier is a function of COS, which means that it varies from 1 to 0.</span><br  />    myMultiplier = <span>cos</span>(<span>radians</span>(i));                               <span>// You can try other functions to experience different effects.</span><br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>void</span> setRed(<span>int</span> r){<br  />    redVal = <span>int</span>(<span>constrain</span>(<span>map</span>(<span>float</span>(r), 60, 100, 0, 255),0,255)); <span>// setRed is used to change the redValue based on the "normal" value for resting BPM (60-100). </span><br  />    greenVal = 255 - redVal;                                       <span>// When the avgBPM > 100, redVal will equal 255, and the greenVal will equal 0.</span><br  />  }                                                                <span>// When the avgBPM < 60, redVal will equal 0, and greenVal will equal 255.</span><br  />  <br  />  <span>float</span>  getX(){                                                   <span>// get the x Position of the rectangle</span><br  />    <span>return</span> xPos;<br  />  }<br  /> <br  />  <span>float</span> getY(){                                                    <span>// get the y Position of the rectangle</span><br  />    <span>return</span> yPos;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>float</span> getW(){                                                    <span>// get the width of the rectangle</span><br  />    <span>return</span> myWidth;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>float</span> getH(){                                                    <span>// get the height of the rectangle</span><br  />    <span>return</span> myHeight;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>float</span> getM(){                                                    <span>// get the Multiplier of the rectangle</span><br  />    <span>return</span> myMultiplier;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>int</span> getB(){                                                      <span>// get the "blue" component of the rectangle colour</span><br  />    <span>return</span> blueVal;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>int</span> getR(){                                                      <span>// get the "red" component of the rectangle colour</span><br  />    <span>return</span> redVal;<br  />  }<br  />  <br  />  <span>int</span> getG(){                                                      <span>// get the "green" component of the rectangle colour</span><br  />    <span>return</span> greenVal;<br  />  }<br  />}<br  /><br  /></pre> </td> </tr> </table></div></p> <br  />   <br  /> <p> <h4>Processing Code Discussion:</h4><br  /> </p><p>       The Rectangle class was created to store relevant information about each rectangle.        By using a custom class, we were able to design our rectangles any way we wanted.        These rectangles have properties and methods which allow us to easily control their        position, size and colour. By adding some smart functionality to each rectangle, we were able to get the rectangle to automatically        position and colour itself based on key values. </p> <p>        The Serial library is used to allow communication with the Arduino. In this Processing sketch, the values obtained from the Arduino         were converted to floats to allow easy calulations of the beats per minute (BPM).         I am aware that I have over-engineered the serialEvent method somewhat, because the Arduino         is only really sending two values. I didn't really need to convert the String. But I am happy with         the end result, and it does the job I needed it to...        </p> <div> <p> <div> <a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EVTCQ3vkgGc/VTnOarlOWSI/AAAAAAAABdc/MslEU5oirAY/s1600/Complete%2BWorkstation2.jpg"><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EVTCQ3vkgGc/VTnOarlOWSI/AAAAAAAABdc/MslEU5oirAY/s1600/Complete%2BWorkstation2.jpg"  /> </a> </div> </p> </div> </div><!--separator --><img src="https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-XQiwNpdqOxk%2FT_rKCzDh4nI%2FAAAAAAAAAQY%2FOfYBljhU6Lk%2Fs1600%2FSeparator.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*"  /><br  /><p> <div>     This project is quite simple. I designed it so that you could omit the Processing code if you wanted to.      In that scenario, you would only be left with a blinking LED that blinks in time with your pulse.      The Processing code takes this project to the next level. It provides a nice animation and calculates         the beats per minute (BPM). <br  />           <br  />        I hope you liked this tutorial. Please feel free to share it, comment or give it a plus one.         If you didn't like it, I would still appreciate your constructive feedback.  </div> <br  />   <div> <p> <!--separator --> <img src="https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-XQiwNpdqOxk%2FT_rKCzDh4nI%2FAAAAAAAAAQY%2FOfYBljhU6Lk%2Fs1600%2FSeparator.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*"  /><br  /> <br  /> </p> </div> </p><p> <div>   If you like this page, please do me a favour and show your appreciation : <br  /> <br  />     <br  />   Visit my <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/107402020974762902161/107402020974762902161/posts">ArduinoBasics Google + page</a>.<br  />   Follow me on Twitter by looking for <a href="https://twitter.com/ArduinoBasics">ScottC @ArduinoBasics</a>.<br  />   I can also be found on <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/ArduinoBasics/">Pinterest</a> and <a href="https://instagram.com/arduinobasics">Instagram</a>. <br  />   Have a look at my videos on my <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ScottCMe/videos">YouTube channel</a>.<br  /> </div> </p> <br  />   <br  />   <p> <div> <a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-x_TA-qhOCzM/VTnULXoWhQI/AAAAAAAABds/quh02BWGsec/s1600/Slide1.JPG"><img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-x_TA-qhOCzM/VTnULXoWhQI/AAAAAAAABds/quh02BWGsec/s1600/Slide1.JPG"  /></a></div><br  /> </p> <br  />   <br  />   <br  />   <div> <p> <!--separator --> <img src="https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-XQiwNpdqOxk%2FT_rKCzDh4nI%2FAAAAAAAAAQY%2FOfYBljhU6Lk%2Fs1600%2FSeparator.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*"  /><br  /> <br  /> </p> </div> <p>  However, if you do not have a google profile... <br  />Feel free to share this page with your friends in any way you see fit.  </p>