Posts with «neural network» label

Neural Network (Part 3): The Layer


The Layer

The purpose of a layer is mainly to group and manage neurons that are functionally similar, and provide a means to effectively control the flow of information through the network (forwards and backwards). The forward pass is when you convert input values into output values, the backwards pass is only done during network training.

In my neural network, the Layer is an essential building block of the neural network. They can work individually or as a team. Let us just focus on one layer for now

This is what a layer with two neurons looks like in my neural network:



As you can see from the picture above, I tend to treat each neuron as an individual.
Both neurons have the same connEntry values (cEn11 = cEn21) and (cEn12 = cEn22), which stem from the layerINPUTs. Other than that, the rest is different.  Which means that Neuron1 could produce an output value close to 1, and at the same time Neuron2 could produce an output close to 0, even though they have the same connEntry values at the start.


The following section will describe how the layerINPUTs get converted to actualOUTPUTs.

Step1: Populate the layerINPUTs:
layerINPUTs are just a placeholder for values that have been fed into the neural network, or come from a previous layer within the same neural network. If this is the first layer in the network, then the layerINPUTs would be the Neural Network's input values (eg Sensor data). If this is the 2nd layer in the network, then the layerINPUTs would equal the actualOUTPUTs of Layer One



Step2: Send each layerINPUT to the neuron's connection in the layer.
You will notice that every neuron in the same layer will have the same number of connections. This is because each neuron will connect only once to each of the layerINPUTs. The relationship between layerINPUTs and the connEntry values of a neuron are as follows.

          layerINPUTs1:                                                                                 
          cEn11 = layerINPUTs1                  Neuron1.Connection1.connEntry
          cEn21 = layerINPUTs1                  Neuron2.Connection1.connEntry


          layerINPUTs2:                                                                                  
          cEn12 = layerINPUTs2                  Neuron1.Connection2.connEntry
          cEn22 = layerINPUTs2                  Neuron2.Connection2.connEntry

Therefore, the connEntry of the first connection of every neuron in this layer will equal the first layerINPUT value in this layer.




Step3: Calculate the connExit values of each connection (including bias)

           Neuron 1:                       
           cEx11 = cEn11  x  cW11
           cEx12 = cEn12  x  cW12
             bEx1 =    1      x    bW1

           Neuron 2:                       
           cEx21 = cEn21  x  cW21
           cEx22 = cEn22  x  cW22
             bEx2 =    1      x    bW2




Step4: Calculate the NeuronInputValue for each neuron

          Neuron1:                                                                       
          Neuron1.NeuronInputValue = cEx11  +  cEx12  +  bEx1


          Neuron2:                                                                       
          Neuron2.NeuronInputValue = cEx21  +  cEx22  +  bEx2




Step5: Send the NeuronInputValues through an Activation function to produce a NeuronOutputValue

          Neuron1:                                                                                                        
          Neuron1.NeuronOutputValue= 1/(1+EXP(-1 x Neuron1.NeuronInputValue))


          Neuron2:                                                                                                 
          Neuron2.NeuronOutputValue= 1/(1+EXP(-1 x Neuron2.NeuronInputValue))


          Please note that the NeuronInputValues for each neuron are different !





Step6: Send the NeuronOutputValues to the layer's actualOUTPUTs
  • actualOUTPUT1 = Neuron1.NeuronOutputValue
  • actualOUTPUT2 = Neuron2.NeuronOutputValue



The NeuronOutputValues become the actualOUTPUTs of this layer, which then become the layerINPUTs of the next layer. And the process is repeated over and over until you reach the final layer, where the actualOUTPUTs become the outputs of the entire neural network.


Here is the code for the Layer class:


processing code Layer Class

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class Layer{

  Neuron[] neurons = {};

  float[] layerINPUTs={};

  float[] actualOUTPUTs={};

  float[] expectedOUTPUTs={};

  float layerError;

  float learningRate;

  

  

  /* This is the default constructor for the Layer */

  Layer(int numberConnections, int numberNeurons){

    /* Add all the neurons and actualOUTPUTs to the layer */

    for(int i=0; i<numberNeurons; i++){

      Neuron tempNeuron = new Neuron(numberConnections);

      addNeuron(tempNeuron);

      addActualOUTPUT();

    }

  }

    

  

  /* Function to add an input or output Neuron to this Layer */

  void addNeuron(Neuron xNeuron){

        neurons = (Neuron[]) append(neurons, xNeuron);

  }

  

  

  /* Function to get the number of neurons in this layer */

  int getNeuronCount(){

    return neurons.length;

  }

  

  

  /* Function to increment the size of the actualOUTPUTs array by one. */

  void addActualOUTPUT(){

      actualOUTPUTs = (float[]) expand(actualOUTPUTs,(actualOUTPUTs.length+1));

  }

  

  

  /* Function to set the ENTIRE expectedOUTPUTs array in one go. */

  void setExpectedOUTPUTs(float[] tempExpectedOUTPUTs){

    expectedOUTPUTs=tempExpectedOUTPUTs;

  }

  

  

  /* Function to clear ALL values from the expectedOUTPUTs array */

  void clearExpectedOUTPUT(){

       expectedOUTPUTs = (float[]) expand(expectedOUTPUTs, 0);

  }

  

  

  /* Function to set the learning rate of the layer */

  void setLearningRate(float tempLearningRate){

    learningRate=tempLearningRate;

  }

  

  

  /* Function to set the inputs of this layer */

  void setInputs(float[] tempInputs){

    layerINPUTs=tempInputs;

  }

  

  

  

  /* Function to convert ALL the Neuron input values into Neuron output values in this layer, 

     through a special activation function. */

  void processInputsToOutputs(){

    

    /* neuronCount is used a couple of times in this function. */

    int neuronCount = getNeuronCount();

    

    /* Check to make sure that there are neurons in this layer to process the inputs */

    if(neuronCount>0) {

      /* Check to make sure that the number of inputs matches the number of Neuron Connections. */

      if(layerINPUTs.length!=neurons[0].getConnectionCount()){

        println("Error in Layer: processInputsToOutputs: The number of inputs do NOT match the number of Neuron connections in this layer");

        exit();

      } else {

        /* The number of inputs are fine : continue

           Calculate the actualOUTPUT of each neuron in this layer, 

           based on their layerINPUTs (which were previously calculated).

           Add the value to the layer's actualOUTPUTs array. */

        for(int i=0; i<neuronCount;i++){

          actualOUTPUTs[i]=neurons[i].getNeuronOutput(layerINPUTs);

        }

      }

    }else{

      println("Error in Layer: processInputsToOutputs: There are no Neurons in this layer");

      exit();

    }

  }

  

  

  /* Function to get the error of this layer */

  float getLayerError(){

    return layerError;

  }

  

  

  /* Function to set the error of this layer */

  void setLayerError(float tempLayerError){

    layerError=tempLayerError;

  }

  

  

  /* Function to increase the layerError by a certain amount */

  void increaseLayerErrorBy(float tempLayerError){

    layerError+=tempLayerError;

  }

  

  

  /* Function to calculate and set the deltaError of each neuron in the layer */

  void setDeltaError(float[] expectedOutputData){

    setExpectedOUTPUTs(expectedOutputData);

    int neuronCount = getNeuronCount();

    /* Reset the layer error to 0 before cycling through each neuron */

    setLayerError(0);

     for(int i=0; i<neuronCount;i++){

       neurons[i].deltaError = actualOUTPUTs[i]*(1-actualOUTPUTs[i])*(expectedOUTPUTs[i]-actualOUTPUTs[i]);

       

       /* Increase the layer Error by the absolute difference between the calculated value (actualOUTPUT) and the expected value (expectedOUTPUT). */

       increaseLayerErrorBy(abs(expectedOUTPUTs[i]-actualOUTPUTs[i]));

     }

  }

  

  

  /* Function to train the layer : which uses a training set to adjust the connection weights and biases of the neurons in this layer */

  void trainLayer(float tempLearningRate){

    setLearningRate(tempLearningRate);

    

    int neuronCount = getNeuronCount();

    

    for(int i=0; i<neuronCount;i++){

      /* update the bias for neuron[i] */

      neurons[i].bias += (learningRate * 1 * neurons[i].deltaError);

      

      /* update the weight of each connection for this neuron[i] */

      for(int j=0; j<neurons[i].getConnectionCount(); j++){

          neurons[i].connections[j].weight += (learningRate * neurons[i].connections[j].connEntry * neurons[i].deltaError);

      }   

    }

  }

}

Within each layer, you have neuron(s) and their associated connection(s). Therefore it makes sense to have a constructor that automatically sets these up.


If you create a new Layer(2,3), this would automatically
  • add 3 neurons to the layer
  • create 2 connections for each neuron in this layer (to connect to the previous layer neurons).
  • randomise each neuron bias and connection weights.
  • add 3 actualOUTPUT slots to hold the neuron output values.


                                                                                                                                         
Here are the functions of the Layer class:
  • addNeuron() : adds a neuron to the layer
  • getNeuronCount() : returns the number of neurons in this layer
  • addActualOUTPUT() : adds an actualOUTPUT slot to the layer.
  • setExpectedOUTPUTs() : sets the entire expectedOUTPUTs array in one go.
  • clearExpectedOUTPUT() : clear all values within the expectedOUTPUTs array.
  • setLearningRate() : sets the learning rate of the layer.
  • setInputs() : sets the inputs of the layer.
  • processInputsToOutputs() : convert all layer input values into output values
  • getLayerError() : returns the error of this layer
  • setLayerError() : sets the error of this layer
  • increaseLayerErrorBy() : increases the layer error by a specified amount.
  • setDeltaError() : calculate and set the deltaError for each neuron in this layer
  • trainLayer() : uses a training set to adjust the connection weights and biases of the neurons in this layer
There are a few functions mentioned above, which I have not yet discussed, and are used for neural network training (back-propagation). Don't worry, we'll go through them in the "back-propagation" section of the tutorial.


Next up:  Neural Network (Part 4) : The Neural Network class



To go back to the table of contents click here


ScottC 12 Aug 14:58
arduinobasics  best arduino blog  bias  code  connection  layer  neural network  neuron  processing.org  programming  project  tutorial  weight  

Neural Network (Part 2) : The Neuron

The Neuron

The main purpose of the Neuron is to store the values that flow through the neural network. They also do a bit of processing through the use of an Activation function. The activation function is quite an important feature of the neural network. It essentially enables the neuron to make decisions (yes/no and greyzone) based on the values provided to them. The other feature of activation functions is the ability to map values of infinite size to a range of 0 to 1. We will be using the Sigmoid function.





The neuron accumulates signals from one or more connections, adds a bias value, and then sends this value through the activation function to produce a neuron output. Each neuron output will be within the range of 0 to 1 (due to the activation function).

So lets take a look at  a single neuron with 2 connections (+ bias) feeding into it.
As seen below.




connEntry                                                       weight                                             
Neuron.Connection1.connEntry = cEn1           Neuron.Connection1.weight = cW1
Neuron.Connection2.connEntry = cEn2           Neuron.Connection2.weight = cW2
Neuron.Bias.connEntry = bEn = 1 (always)                Neuron.Bias.weight = bW

connExit                                             
Neuron.Connection1.connExit = cEx1
Neuron.Connection2.connExit = cEx2
Neuron.Bias.connExit = bEx

You need to multiply the connEntry value by the weight to get the connExit value.

Connection #1:                      
         cEx1 = cW1  x   cEn1


Connection # 2:                      
          cEx2 = cW2  x  cEn2


Bias:                                       
                      bEx = bW x 1

As you can see from the Bias calculation, the Bias.connEntry (bEn) value is always 1, which means that the Bias.connExit (bEx) value is always equal to the Bias.weight (bW) value.




The Neuron Input Value is equal to the sum of all the connExit values (cEx1 and cEx2 in this case) plus the bias (bEx), and can be represented by the following formula.

Neuron Input Value:                                                                                                    
Neuron Input Value = cEx1 + cEx2 + bEx      
 or
Neuron Input Value = [cW1 x cEn1] + [cW2 x cEn2] + [bW x 1]




Now that we have the Neuron Input Value, we can put this through the Activation Function to get the Neuron Output Value. This can be represented by the following formula.

Neuron Output Value:                                                                                                  
Neuron Output Value = 1 / (1 + EXP(-1 x Neuron Input Value))





We will use this Neuron Output value as an input to the next layer, therefore it automatically becomes a connEntry for one of the neuron connections in the next layer.

Now that we know what a neuron does, let us create a neuron class. See the code below.




processing code Neuron Class

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/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------

   A neuron does all the calculations to convert an input to an output

-------------------------------------------------------------------------  */



class Neuron{

  Connection[] connections={};

  float bias;

  float neuronInputValue;

  float neuronOutputValue;

  float deltaError;

  

  //The default constructor for a Neuron

  Neuron(){

  }

  

  //The typical constructor of a Neuron - with random Bias and Connection weights

  Neuron(int numOfConnections){

    randomiseBias();

    for(int i=0; i<numOfConnections; i++){

      Connection conn = new Connection();

      addConnection(conn);

    }

  }

  

  //Function to add a Connection to this neuron

  void addConnection(Connection conn){

      connections = (Connection[]) append(connections, conn);

  }

  

  //Function to return the number of connections associated with this neuron.

  int getConnectionCount(){

      return connections.length;

  }

  

  //Function to set the bias of this Neuron

  void setBias(float tempBias){

    bias = tempBias;

  } 

  

  //Function to randomise the bias of this Neuron

  void randomiseBias(){

    setBias(random(1));

  }

  

  //Function to convert the neuronInputValue to an neuronOutputValue

  //Make sure that the number of connEntryValues matches the number of connections

  

  float getNeuronOutput(float[] connEntryValues){

    if(connEntryValues.length!=getConnectionCount()){

      println("Neuron Error: getNeuronOutput() : Wrong number of connEntryValues");

      exit();

    } 

    

    neuronInputValue=0;

    

    //First SUM all of the weighted connection values (connExit) attached to this neuron. 

    for(int i=0; i<getConnectionCount(); i++){

      neuronInputValue+=connections[i].calcConnExit(connEntryValues[i]);

    }

    

    //Add the bias to the Neuron's inputValue

    neuronInputValue+=bias;

    

    //Send the inputValue through the activation function to produce the Neuron's outputValue

    neuronOutputValue=Activation(neuronInputValue);

    

    //Return the outputValue

    return neuronOutputValue;

  } 

  

  //Sigmoid Activation function

  float Activation(float x){

    float activatedValue = 1 / (1 + exp(-1 * x));

    return activatedValue;

  }

  

}



When you create a new Neuron, you have the option to create the basic neuron shell with the Neuron() constructor, however, you are more likely to call the 2nd constructor, which allows you to set the number of input connections attached to this neuron.
For example, if I create a neuron using New Neuron(4), then this will automatically
  • attach and associate four connections with this neuron
  • randomise the weight of each connection
  • randomise the bias of this neuron


These are the functions within the Neuron Class:
  • addConnection():  adds a new connection to this neuron
  • getConnectionCount(): returns the number of connections associated with this neuron
  • setBias(): sets the Bias of the neuron to a specific value.
  • randomiseBias() : randomises the Bias of this neuron
  • getNeuronOutput() : values are fed through the neuron's connections to create the neuronInputValue, which is then sent through the Sigmoid Activation function to create the neuronOutputValue.
  • Activation() :  is the function used by the getNeuronOutput() function to generate the neuronOutputValue.







Up next:  Neural Network (Part 3)  : The Layer



To go back to the table of contents click here



ScottC 11 Aug 17:58
activation function  arduinobasics  best arduino blog  bias  code  neural network  neuron  processing.org  project  sigmoid  tutorial  weight  

Neural Network (Part 1) - The Connection

Introduction

In this tutorial, I am going to walk you through my interpretation of a neural network. I will use terminology that makes sense to me, hoping that Neural Network enthusiasts don't get offended by my novice approach.

This is what a feed-forward Neural network normally looks like:


 The input layer receives input from the outside world, and passes this value to the hidden layer.

The value that reaches the hidden layer depends on the connection between the layers.

Each connection has a weight. This weight multiplier can either increase or decrease the value coming from the input layer. Like water coming out of a tap, you can make it come out faster or slower (or not at all). This weight can even be negative, which would mean that the water is being sucked up, rather than pouring out.

The hidden layer then processes the values, and pass them onto the output layer. The connections between the hidden layer and the output layer also have weights. The values in the output layer are processed and produce a final set of results. The final results can be used to make yes/no decisions, or can be used to make certain classifications etc etc. In my case, I would like to receive sensor data from the arduino, pass this info to the neural network, and get it to classify the data into 4 different classes (Red, Yellow, Green or Ambient), but we will get to see this in another tutorial. For now, we are just going to design a neural network that can be applied to any of your arduino projects... so lets start from the ground up.

I have programmed this neural network in the Processing language, and have decided to break the neural network into smaller bits. Each structural component of the neural network is a class (as you will soon discover).


The connection






ConnEntry (x) : is the value being fed into the connection.
Weight (m) : Is the value that either amplifies or weakens the ConnEntry value.
ConnExit (y): Is the output value of the connection.

The relationship between y and x is linear, and can be described by the following formula.
  • y = mx
In other words, you multiply the ConnEntry value by the Weight to get the ConnExit value.

Here is the code for the Connection class:



processing code Connection Class

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/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------

A connection determines how much of a signal is passed through to the neuron. 

------------------------------------------------------------------------*/



class Connection{

  float connEntry;

  float weight;

  float connExit;

  

  /*This is the default constructor for a Connection  */

  Connection(){

    randomiseWeight();

  }

  

  /*A custom weight for this Connection constructor  */

  Connection(float tempWeight){

    setWeight(tempWeight);

  }

  

  /*Function to set the weight of this connection  */

  void setWeight(float tempWeight){

    weight=tempWeight;

  }

  

  /*Function to randomise the weight of this connection  */

  void randomiseWeight(){

    setWeight(random(2)-1);

  }

  

 /*Function to calculate and store the output of this Connection  */

  float calcConnExit(float tempInput){

    connEntry = tempInput;

    connExit = connEntry * weight;

    return connExit;

  }

}


When a connection class is constructed, it automatically randomises the weight for you.
Here are some of the other functions of this class:
  • setWeight() : allows you to specifically set the weight of this connection.
  • randomiseWeight() : can be used to wipe the "memory" of the connection if required.
  • calcConnExit() function is the main function of this class. It is the one that multiplies the connEntry value with the Weight to produce a connExit value as described above.



Up next: Neural Network (Part 2): The Neuron

-------------------------------------------------------------------------


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ScottC 11 Aug 16:16
arduinobasics  best arduino blog  code  connection  feed forward  neural network  processing.org  project  tutorial  weight