Posts with «best arduino blog» label

PIR Sensor (Part 1)


PIR sensors are pyroelectric or “passive” infrared sensors which can be used to detect changes in infrared radiation levels. The sensor is split in half, and any significant difference in IR levels between the two sections of the sensor will cause the signal pin to swing HIGH or LOW. Hence it can be used as a motion detector when IR levels move across and trigger the sensor (eg. human movement across a room).
The potentiometers are used to adjust the amount of time the sensor remains “on” and “off” after being triggered.  Essentially the delay between triggered events.
Here are a couple of pictures of the PIR sensor.

   

The sensor used in this tutorial is HC-SR501 PIR sensor.
You can get more information about this sensor here.




Parts Required







Sketch

 













Video

 






 

Sketch Explanation

 

The sketch described above can be used to test the functionality of the PIR sensor. I had another one of these sensors in my kit, and could not get it to work, no matter what I tried. The sensor would blink continuously even when there was no movement in the room. However, I must warn you, this specific sensor has an initialisation sequence which will cause the LED to blink once or twice in a 30-60sec timeframe. It will then remain off until the sensor detects movement. The amount of time that the LED remains on (when movement is detected) is controlled by one of the potentiometers.

Therefore, you could have it so that the LED blinks quickly or slowly after movement is detected.
If you set it to remain off for a long time, the sensor may appear to be unresponsive to subsequent movement events. Getting the timing right is mostly done out of trial an error, but at least the board indicates which side is “min” and which side is “max”.
Have a look at the PIR picture above for the potentiometer positions/timings that I used in the video.




In a future tutorial, I will connect this sensor to the Arduino. But don’t worry. The sketch is just as easy. And then the real fun begins.

See PART 2 - Connecting a PIR to an Arduino




Thankyou

 

I would like to thank the following people who took time out to help me when I was having issues with this sensor:
  • Steven Wallace
  • Bobby Slater
  • Pop Gheorghe
  • Mike Barela
  • Winkle ink
  • Jonathan Mayer
  • Don Rideaux-Crenshaw
  • Ralf Kramer
  • Richard Freeman
It just shows how great the maker community is. Thanks again… I almost gave up on this one !





Bluetooth Android Processing 3

PART THREE


If you happened to land on this page and missed PART ONE, and PART TWO, I would advise you go back and read those sections first.

This is what you'll find in partone:
  • Downloading and setting up the Android SDK
  • Downloading the Processing IDE
  • Setting up and preparing the Android device
  • Running through a couple of Processing/Android sketches on an Andoid phone.
This is what you will find in part two:

  • Introducing Toasts (display messages)
  • Looking out for BluetoothDevices using BroadcastReceivers
  • Getting useful information from a discovered Bluetooth device
  • Connecting to a Bluetooth Device
  • An Arduino Bluetooth Sketch that can be used in this tutorial


InputStream and OutputStream
We will now borrow some code from the Android developers site to help us to establish communication between the Android phone and the Bluetooth shield on the Arduino. By this stage we have already scanned and discovered the bluetooth device and made a successful connection. We now need to create an InputStream and OutputStream to handle the flow of communication between the devices. Let us start with the Android/Processing Side.
The Android Developers site suggests to create a new Thread to handle the incoming and outgoing bytes, because this task uses "blocking" calls. Blocking calls means that the application will appear to be frozen until the call completes. We will create a new Thread to receive bytes through the BluetoothSocket's InputStream, and will send bytes to the Arduino through the BluetoothSocket's OutputStream.
This Thread will continue to listen/send bytes for as long as needed, and will eventually close when we tell it to. We will also need a Handler() to act on any bytes received via the InputStream. The Handler is necessary to transfer information from the IO Thread to the main application thread. This is done by using a Message class. Here is a summary of relevant code that we will subsequently add to the ConnectBluetooth sketch (which was described in Part Two of this tutorial):

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import android.bluetooth.BluetoothSocket;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.Message;
import android.util.Log;

// Message types used by the Handler
public static final int MESSAGE_WRITE = 1;
public static final int MESSAGE_READ = 2;

// The Handler that gets information back from the Socket
private final Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
switch (msg.what) {
case MESSAGE_WRITE:
//Do something when writing
break;
case MESSAGE_READ:
//Get the bytes from the msg.obj
byte[] readBuf = (byte[]) msg.obj;
// construct a string from the valid bytes in the buffer
String readMessage = new String(readBuf, 0, msg.arg1);
break;
}
}
};



private class SendReceiveBytes implements Runnable {
private BluetoothSocket btSocket;
private InputStream btInputStream = null;
private OutputStream btOutputStream = null;
String TAG = "SendReceiveBytes";

public SendReceiveBytes(BluetoothSocket socket) {
btSocket = socket;
try {
btInputStream = btSocket.getInputStream();
btOutputStream = btSocket.getOutputStream();
}
catch (IOException streamError) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error when getting input or output Stream");
}
}

public void run() {
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; // buffer store for the stream
int bytes; // bytes returned from read()

// Keep listening to the InputStream until an exception occurs
while (true) {
try {
// Read from the InputStream
bytes = btInputStream.read(buffer);
// Send the obtained bytes to the UI activity
mHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_READ, bytes, -1, buffer)
.sendToTarget();
}
catch (IOException e) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error reading from btInputStream");
break;
}
}
}

/* Call this from the main activity to send data to the remote device */
public void write(byte[] bytes) {
try {
btOutputStream.write(bytes);
}
catch (IOException e) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error when writing to btOutputStream");
}
}

/* Call this from the main activity to shutdown the connection */
public void cancel() {
try {
btSocket.close();
}
catch (IOException e) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error when closing the btSocket");
}
}
}

Notice that we place an endless loop in the run() method to continuously read bytes from the InputStream. This continuous process of reading bytes needs to be a different thread from the main application otherwise it would cause the program to "hang". This thread passes any read bytes to the main application by using the Handler's .sendToTarget() method.
You will also notice the use of Log.e(TAG, ".....") commands. This is useful for debugging Android problems, especially when you comae across errors that generate a "caused the application to close unexpectedly" dialog box to appear on your phone.  I personally created a shortcut of the adb.exe on my desktop and changed the target to
  • "c:\[INSERT FOLDER]\Android\android-sdk\platform-tools\adb.exe" logcat *:E
The adb.exe program comes with the Android-SDK downloaded in Part One . Once you find the adb.exe on your hard-drive, you just create a shortcut on your desktop. Right-click the shortcut, choose "Properties" and as indicated above, you change the last bit of the Target to
  • logcat *:E
So if you get an unexpected error on your android device, just go back to your laptop, and double-click on your new desktop adb.exe shortcut to get a better idea of where your program has gone wrong.

We will now incorporate the sketch above into our ConnectBluetooth Android/Processing App, however we will call this updated version "SendReceiveBytes"
Once we have created a successful connection, and created our Input/OutputStreams, we will send a single letter "r" to the Arduino via bluetooth, and if all goes well, we should see the light on the RGB Chainable LED turn Red (see further down for Arduino sketch).
I borrowed Byron's code snippet from this site: to convert a string ("r") to a byte array, which is used in the write() method. The relevant code can be found on lines 199-208 below. I have bolded the lines numbers to make it a little easier to see the changes I made (compared to the previous sketch).

Android/Processing Sketch 6: SendReceiveBytes
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/* SendReceiveBytes: Written by ScottC on 25 March 2013 using 
Processing version 2.0b8
Tested on a Samsung Galaxy SII, with Android version 2.3.4
Android ADK - API 10 SDK platform */

import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.IntentFilter;
import android.widget.Toast;
import android.view.Gravity;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothDevice;

import java.util.UUID;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.Message;
import android.util.Log;

import android.bluetooth.BluetoothServerSocket;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothSocket;
public BluetoothSocket scSocket;


boolean foundDevice=false; //When true, the screen turns green.
boolean BTisConnected=false; //When true, the screen turns purple.
String serverName = "ArduinoBasicsServer";

// Message types used by the Handler
public static final int MESSAGE_WRITE = 1;
public static final int MESSAGE_READ = 2;
String readMessage="";

//Get the default Bluetooth adapter
BluetoothAdapter bluetooth = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();

/*The startActivityForResult() within setup() launches an
Activity which is used to request the user to turn Bluetooth on.
The following onActivityResult() method is called when this
Activity exits. */
@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
if (requestCode==0) {
if (resultCode == RESULT_OK) {
ToastMaster("Bluetooth has been switched ON");
}
else {
ToastMaster("You need to turn Bluetooth ON !!!");
}
}
}


/* Create a BroadcastReceiver that will later be used to
receive the names of Bluetooth devices in range. */
BroadcastReceiver myDiscoverer = new myOwnBroadcastReceiver();


/* Create a BroadcastReceiver that will later be used to
identify if the Bluetooth device is connected */
BroadcastReceiver checkIsConnected = new myOwnBroadcastReceiver();


// The Handler that gets information back from the Socket
private final Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
switch (msg.what) {
case MESSAGE_WRITE:
//Do something when writing
break;
case MESSAGE_READ:
//Get the bytes from the msg.obj
byte[] readBuf = (byte[]) msg.obj;
// construct a string from the valid bytes in the buffer
readMessage = new String(readBuf, 0, msg.arg1);
break;
}
}
};


void setup() {
orientation(LANDSCAPE);
/*IF Bluetooth is NOT enabled, then ask user permission to enable it */
if (!bluetooth.isEnabled()) {
Intent requestBluetooth = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);
startActivityForResult(requestBluetooth, 0);
}


/*If Bluetooth is now enabled, then register a broadcastReceiver to report any
discovered Bluetooth devices, and then start discovering */
if (bluetooth.isEnabled()) {
registerReceiver(myDiscoverer, new IntentFilter(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND));
registerReceiver(checkIsConnected, new IntentFilter(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_ACL_CONNECTED));

//Start bluetooth discovery if it is not doing so already
if (!bluetooth.isDiscovering()) {
bluetooth.startDiscovery();
}
}
}


void draw() {
//Display a green screen if a device has been found,
//Display a purple screen when a connection is made to the device
if (foundDevice) {
if (BTisConnected) {
background(170, 50, 255); // purple screen
}
else {
background(10, 255, 10); // green screen
}
}

//Display anything received from Arduino
text(readMessage, 10, 10);
}


/* This BroadcastReceiver will display discovered Bluetooth devices */
public class myOwnBroadcastReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
ConnectToBluetooth connectBT;

@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
String action=intent.getAction();
ToastMaster("ACTION:" + action);

//Notification that BluetoothDevice is FOUND
if (BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND.equals(action)) {
//Display the name of the discovered device
String discoveredDeviceName = intent.getStringExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_NAME);
ToastMaster("Discovered: " + discoveredDeviceName);

//Display more information about the discovered device
BluetoothDevice discoveredDevice = intent.getParcelableExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_DEVICE);
ToastMaster("getAddress() = " + discoveredDevice.getAddress());
ToastMaster("getName() = " + discoveredDevice.getName());

int bondyState=discoveredDevice.getBondState();
ToastMaster("getBondState() = " + bondyState);

String mybondState;
switch(bondyState) {
case 10:
mybondState="BOND_NONE";
break;
case 11:
mybondState="BOND_BONDING";
break;
case 12:
mybondState="BOND_BONDED";
break;
default:
mybondState="INVALID BOND STATE";
break;
}
ToastMaster("getBondState() = " + mybondState);

//Change foundDevice to true which will make the screen turn green
foundDevice=true;

//Connect to the discovered bluetooth device (SeeedBTSlave)
if (discoveredDeviceName.equals("SeeedBTSlave")) {
ToastMaster("Connecting you Now !!");
unregisterReceiver(myDiscoverer);
connectBT = new ConnectToBluetooth(discoveredDevice);
//Connect to the the device in a new thread
new Thread(connectBT).start();
}
}

//Notification if bluetooth device is connected
if (BluetoothDevice.ACTION_ACL_CONNECTED.equals(action)) {
ToastMaster("CONNECTED _ YAY");

while (scSocket==null) {
//do nothing
}
ToastMaster("scSocket" + scSocket);
BTisConnected=true; //turn screen purple
if (scSocket!=null) {
SendReceiveBytes sendReceiveBT = new SendReceiveBytes(scSocket);
new Thread(sendReceiveBT).start();
String red = "r";
byte[] myByte = stringToBytesUTFCustom(red);
sendReceiveBT.write(myByte);
}
}
}
}
public static byte[] stringToBytesUTFCustom(String str) {
char[] buffer = str.toCharArray();
byte[] b = new byte[buffer.length << 1];
for (int i = 0; i < buffer.length; i++) {
int bpos = i << 1;
b[bpos] = (byte) ((buffer[i]&0xFF00)>>8);
b[bpos + 1] = (byte) (buffer[i]&0x00FF);
}
return b;
}

public class ConnectToBluetooth implements Runnable {
private BluetoothDevice btShield;
private BluetoothSocket mySocket = null;
private UUID uuid = UUID.fromString("00001101-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB");

public ConnectToBluetooth(BluetoothDevice bluetoothShield) {
btShield = bluetoothShield;
try {
mySocket = btShield.createRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(uuid);
}
catch(IOException createSocketException) {
//Problem with creating a socket
Log.e("ConnectToBluetooth", "Error with Socket");
}
}

@Override
public void run() {
/* Cancel discovery on Bluetooth Adapter to prevent slow connection */
bluetooth.cancelDiscovery();

try {
/*Connect to the bluetoothShield through the Socket. This will block
until it succeeds or throws an IOException */
mySocket.connect();
scSocket=mySocket;
}
catch (IOException connectException) {
Log.e("ConnectToBluetooth", "Error with Socket Connection");
try {
mySocket.close(); //try to close the socket
}
catch(IOException closeException) {
}
return;
}
}

/* Will cancel an in-progress connection, and close the socket */
public void cancel() {
try {
mySocket.close();
}
catch (IOException e) {
}
}
}


private class SendReceiveBytes implements Runnable {
private BluetoothSocket btSocket;
private InputStream btInputStream = null;
private OutputStream btOutputStream = null;
String TAG = "SendReceiveBytes";

public SendReceiveBytes(BluetoothSocket socket) {
btSocket = socket;
try {
btInputStream = btSocket.getInputStream();
btOutputStream = btSocket.getOutputStream();
}
catch (IOException streamError) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error when getting input or output Stream");
}
}


public void run() {
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; // buffer store for the stream
int bytes; // bytes returned from read()

// Keep listening to the InputStream until an exception occurs
while (true) {
try {
// Read from the InputStream
bytes = btInputStream.read(buffer);
// Send the obtained bytes to the UI activity
mHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_READ, bytes, -1, buffer)
.sendToTarget();
}
catch (IOException e) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error reading from btInputStream");
break;
}
}
}


/* Call this from the main activity to send data to the remote device */
public void write(byte[] bytes) {
try {
btOutputStream.write(bytes);
}
catch (IOException e) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error when writing to btOutputStream");
}
}


/* Call this from the main activity to shutdown the connection */
public void cancel() {
try {
btSocket.close();
}
catch (IOException e) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error when closing the btSocket");
}
}
}



/* My ToastMaster function to display a messageBox on the screen */
void ToastMaster(String textToDisplay) {
Toast myMessage = Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
textToDisplay,
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT);
myMessage.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
myMessage.show();
}


Arduino Sketch: Testing the Input/OutputStream
We will borrow the Arduino Sketch from my previous blog post (here). Which should change the RGB LED to red when it receives an "r" through the bluetooth serial port.
You should also be able to send text to the Android phone by opening up the Serial Monitor on the Arduino IDE (although found this to be somewhat unreliable/unpredictable. I may need to investigate a better way of doing this, but it should work to some capacity (I sometimes find that a couple of letters go missing on transmision).
In this sketch I am using a Bluetooth shield like this one,  and have connected a Grove Chainable RGB LED to it using a Grove Universal 4 Pin Cable.



Arduino Sketch 2: Bluetooth RGB Colour Changer

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/* This project combines the code from a few different sources.
This project was put together by ScottC on the 15/01/2013
http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/

Bluetooth slave code by Steve Chang - downloaded from :
http://www.seeedstudio.com/wiki/index.php?title=Bluetooth_Shield

Grove Chainable RGB code can be found here :
http://www.seeedstudio.com/wiki/Grove_-_Chainable_RGB_LED#Introduction

*/

#include <SoftwareSerial.h> //Software Serial Port
#define uint8 unsigned char
#define uint16 unsigned int
#define uint32 unsigned long int

#define RxD 6 // This is the pin that the Bluetooth (BT_TX) will transmit to the Arduino (RxD)
#define TxD 7 // This is the pin that the Bluetooth (BT_RX) will receive from the Arduino (TxD)

#define DEBUG_ENABLED 1

int Clkpin = 9; //RGB LED Clock Pin (Digital 9)
int Datapin = 8; //RGB LED Data Pin (Digital 8)

SoftwareSerial blueToothSerial(RxD,TxD);
/*----------------------SETUP----------------------------*/ void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Allow Serial communication via USB cable to computer (if required)
pinMode(RxD, INPUT); // Setup the Arduino to receive INPUT from the bluetooth shield on Digital Pin 6
pinMode(TxD, OUTPUT); // Setup the Arduino to send data (OUTPUT) to the bluetooth shield on Digital Pin 7
pinMode(13,OUTPUT); // Use onboard LED if required.
setupBlueToothConnection(); //Used to initialise the Bluetooth shield

pinMode(Datapin, OUTPUT); // Setup the RGB LED Data Pin
pinMode(Clkpin, OUTPUT); // Setup the RGB LED Clock pin

}
/*----------------------LOOP----------------------------*/ void loop() {
digitalWrite(13,LOW); //Turn off the onboard Arduino LED
char recvChar;
while(1){
if(blueToothSerial.available()){//check if there's any data sent from the remote bluetooth shield
recvChar = blueToothSerial.read();
Serial.print(recvChar); // Print the character received to the Serial Monitor (if required)

//If the character received = 'r' , then change the RGB led to display a RED colour
if(recvChar=='r'){
Send32Zero(); // begin
DataDealWithAndSend(255, 0, 0); // first node data
Send32Zero(); // send to update data
}

//If the character received = 'g' , then change the RGB led to display a GREEN colour
if(recvChar=='g'){
Send32Zero(); // begin
DataDealWithAndSend(0, 255, 0); // first node data
Send32Zero(); // send to update data
}

//If the character received = 'b' , then change the RGB led to display a BLUE colour
if(recvChar=='b'){
Send32Zero(); // begin
DataDealWithAndSend(0, 0, 255); // first node data
Send32Zero(); // send to update data
}
}

//You can use the following code to deal with any information coming from the Computer (serial monitor)
if(Serial.available()){
recvChar = Serial.read();

//This will send value obtained (recvChar) to the phone. The value will be displayed on the phone.
blueToothSerial.print(recvChar);
}
}
}

//The following code is necessary to setup the bluetooth shield ------copy and paste----------------
void setupBlueToothConnection()
{
blueToothSerial.begin(38400); //Set BluetoothBee BaudRate to default baud rate 38400
blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+STWMOD=0\r\n"); //set the bluetooth work in slave mode
blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+STNA=SeeedBTSlave\r\n"); //set the bluetooth name as "SeeedBTSlave"
blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+STOAUT=1\r\n"); // Permit Paired device to connect me
blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+STAUTO=0\r\n"); // Auto-connection should be forbidden here
delay(2000); // This delay is required.
blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+INQ=1\r\n"); //make the slave bluetooth inquirable
Serial.println("The slave bluetooth is inquirable!");
delay(2000); // This delay is required.
blueToothSerial.flush();
}

//The following code snippets are used update the colour of the RGB LED-----copy and paste------------
void ClkProduce(void){
digitalWrite(Clkpin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(20);
digitalWrite(Clkpin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(20);
}
void Send32Zero(void){
unsigned char i;
for (i=0; i<32; i++){
digitalWrite(Datapin, LOW);
ClkProduce();
}
}

uint8 TakeAntiCode(uint8 dat){
uint8 tmp = 0;
if ((dat & 0x80) == 0){
tmp |= 0x02;
}

if ((dat & 0x40) == 0){
tmp |= 0x01;
}

return tmp;
}
// gray data
void DatSend(uint32 dx){
uint8 i;
for (i=0; i<32; i++){
if ((dx & 0x80000000) != 0){
digitalWrite(Datapin, HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(Datapin, LOW);
}

dx <<= 1;
ClkProduce();
}
}
// data processing
void DataDealWithAndSend(uint8 r, uint8 g, uint8 b){
uint32 dx = 0;

dx |= (uint32)0x03 << 30; // highest two bits 1,flag bits
dx |= (uint32)TakeAntiCode(b) << 28;
dx |= (uint32)TakeAntiCode(g) << 26;
dx |= (uint32)TakeAntiCode(r) << 24;

dx |= (uint32)b << 16;
dx |= (uint32)g << 8;
dx |= r;

DatSend(dx);
}



Some GUI Buttons

My aim is to somewhat recreate the experience from a similar project I blogged about (here). However I wanted to have much more control over the GUI. I will start by creating a few buttons, but will later look at making a much more fun/interactive design (hopefully). The following simple Android/Processing sketch will be totally independant of the sketch above, it will be a simple App that will have a few buttons which will change the colour of the background on the phone. Once we get the hang of this, we will incorporate it into our Bluetooth Sketch.
To start off with, we will need to download an Android/Processing library which will allow us to create the buttons that we will use in our App.
Unzip the apwidgets_r44.zip file and put the apwidgets folder into your default Processing sketch "libraries" folder. For more information about installing contributed libraries into you Processing IDE - have a look at this site.
You will need to reboot your Processing IDE before being able to see the "apwidgets" item appear in the Processing IDE's menu,
  • Sketch > Import Library :  Under the "Contributed" list item.
If you cannot see this menu item, then you will need to try again. Make sure you are putting it into the default sketch libraries folder, which may not be in the same folder as the processing IDE. To find out the default sketch location - look here:
  • File > Preferences > Sketchbook location
Ok, now that you have the APWidgets library installed in your Processing IDE, make sure you are still in Andorid Mode, and copy the following sketch into the IDE, and run the program on your device. This sketch borrows heavily from the APWidgets Button example, which can be found here.

Android/Processing Sketch 7: Button Presser
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import apwidgets.*;

APWidgetContainer widgetContainer;
APButton redButton, greenButton, blueButton, offButton;
String buttonText="";
int buttonWidth=0;
int buttonHeight=0;
int n=4; //number of buttons
int gap=10; //gap between buttons


void setup() {
buttonWidth=((width/n)-(n*gap));
buttonHeight=(height/2);
widgetContainer = new APWidgetContainer(this); //create new container for widgets
redButton =new APButton((buttonWidth*(n-4)+(gap*1)), gap, buttonWidth, buttonHeight, "RED"); //Create a RED button
greenButton = new APButton((buttonWidth*(n-3)+(gap*2)), gap, buttonWidth, buttonHeight, "GREEN"); //Create a GREEN button
blueButton = new APButton((buttonWidth*(n-2)+(gap*3)), gap, buttonWidth, buttonHeight, "BLUE"); //Create a BLUE button
offButton = new APButton((buttonWidth*(n-1)+(gap*4)), gap, buttonWidth, buttonHeight, "OFF"); //Create a OFF button
widgetContainer.addWidget(redButton); //place red button in container
widgetContainer.addWidget(greenButton); //place green button in container
widgetContainer.addWidget(blueButton);//place blue button in container
widgetContainer.addWidget(offButton);//place off button in container
background(0); //Start with a black background
}



void draw() {
//Change the text based on the button being pressed.
text(buttonText, 10, buttonHeight+(buttonHeight/2));
}



//onClickWidget is called when a widget is clicked/touched
void onClickWidget(APWidget widget) {

if (widget == redButton) { //if the red button was clicked
buttonText="RED";
background(255, 0, 0);
}
else if (widget == greenButton) { //if the green button was clicked
buttonText="GREEN";
background(0, 255, 0);
}
else if (widget == blueButton) { //if the blue button was clicked
buttonText="BLUE";
background(0, 0, 255);
}
else if (widget == offButton) { //if the off button was clicked
buttonText="OFF";
background(0);
}
}

The sketch creates 4 buttons, one for Red, Green, Blue and Off. In this example, we use the onClickWidget() method to deal with button_click events, which we use to change the colour of the background.  I forgot to include the following line in the setup() method:
  • orientation(LANDSCAPE);
This will force the application to go into landscape mode, which is what I intended.


Bluetooth Buttons : Adding Buttons to the Bluetooth project

We will now incorporate the Buttons sketch into our Bluetooth project so that when we press a button, it will send a letter to the Arduino via Bluetooth. The letter will be used by the Arduino to decide what colour to display on the Chainable RGB LED. We will still keep the previous functionality of changing the LED to RED when a successful Input/OutputStream is created, because this will be the signal to suggest that it is now ok to press the buttons (and we should see it work).

Here is the updated Android/Processing sketch

Android/Processing Sketch 8: Bluetooth App1

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/* BluetoothApp1: Written by ScottC on 25 March 2013 using 
Processing version 2.0b8
Tested on a Samsung Galaxy SII, with Android version 2.3.4
Android ADK - API 10 SDK platform
Apwidgets version: r44 */

import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.IntentFilter;
import android.widget.Toast;
import android.view.Gravity;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothDevice;

import java.util.UUID;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.Message;
import android.util.Log;

import android.bluetooth.BluetoothServerSocket;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothSocket;
import apwidgets.*;
public BluetoothSocket scSocket;


//Used for the GUI**************************************
APWidgetContainer widgetContainer;
APButton redButton, greenButton, blueButton, offButton;
String buttonText="";
int buttonWidth=0;
int buttonHeight=0;
int n=4; //number of buttons
int gap=10; //gap between buttons

boolean foundDevice=false; //When true, the screen turns green.
boolean BTisConnected=false; //When true, the screen turns purple.
String serverName = "ArduinoBasicsServer";

// Message types used by the Handler
public static final int MESSAGE_WRITE = 1;
public static final int MESSAGE_READ = 2;
String readMessage="";

//Used to send bytes to the Arduino
SendReceiveBytes sendReceiveBT=null;

//Get the default Bluetooth adapter
BluetoothAdapter bluetooth = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();

/*The startActivityForResult() within setup() launches an
Activity which is used to request the user to turn Bluetooth on.
The following onActivityResult() method is called when this
Activity exits. */
@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
if (requestCode==0) {
if (resultCode == RESULT_OK) {
ToastMaster("Bluetooth has been switched ON");
}
else {
ToastMaster("You need to turn Bluetooth ON !!!");
}
}
}


/* Create a BroadcastReceiver that will later be used to
receive the names of Bluetooth devices in range. */
BroadcastReceiver myDiscoverer = new myOwnBroadcastReceiver();


/* Create a BroadcastReceiver that will later be used to
identify if the Bluetooth device is connected */
BroadcastReceiver checkIsConnected = new myOwnBroadcastReceiver();



// The Handler that gets information back from the Socket
private final Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
switch (msg.what) {
case MESSAGE_WRITE:
//Do something when writing
break;
case MESSAGE_READ:
//Get the bytes from the msg.obj
byte[] readBuf = (byte[]) msg.obj;
// construct a string from the valid bytes in the buffer
readMessage = new String(readBuf, 0, msg.arg1);
break;
}
}
};



void setup() {
orientation(LANDSCAPE);

//Setup GUI********************************
buttonWidth=((width/n)-(n*gap));
buttonHeight=(height/2);
widgetContainer = new APWidgetContainer(this); //create new container for widgets
redButton =new APButton((buttonWidth*(n-4)+(gap*1)), gap, buttonWidth, buttonHeight, "RED"); //Create a RED button
greenButton = new APButton((buttonWidth*(n-3)+(gap*2)), gap, buttonWidth, buttonHeight, "GREEN"); //Create a GREEN button
blueButton = new APButton((buttonWidth*(n-2)+(gap*3)), gap, buttonWidth, buttonHeight, "BLUE"); //Create a BLUE button
offButton = new APButton((buttonWidth*(n-1)+(gap*4)), gap, buttonWidth, buttonHeight, "OFF"); //Create a OFF button
widgetContainer.addWidget(redButton); //place red button in container
widgetContainer.addWidget(greenButton); //place green button in container
widgetContainer.addWidget(blueButton);//place blue button in container
widgetContainer.addWidget(offButton);//place off button in container
background(0); //Start with a black background

/*IF Bluetooth is NOT enabled, then ask user permission to enable it */
if (!bluetooth.isEnabled()) {
Intent requestBluetooth = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);
startActivityForResult(requestBluetooth, 0);
}

/*If Bluetooth is now enabled, then register a broadcastReceiver to report any
discovered Bluetooth devices, and then start discovering */
if (bluetooth.isEnabled()) {
registerReceiver(myDiscoverer, new IntentFilter(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND));
registerReceiver(checkIsConnected, new IntentFilter(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_ACL_CONNECTED));

//Start bluetooth discovery if it is not doing so already
if (!bluetooth.isDiscovering()) {
bluetooth.startDiscovery();
}
}
}


void draw() {
//Display a green screen if a device has been found,
//Display a purple screen when a connection is made to the device
if (foundDevice) {
if (BTisConnected) {
background(170, 50, 255); // purple screen
}
else {
background(10, 255, 10); // green screen
}
}


//Change the text based on the button being pressed.
text(buttonText, 10, buttonHeight+(buttonHeight/2));

//Display anything received from Arduino
text(readMessage, 10, buttonHeight+(buttonHeight/2)+30);
}



/* This BroadcastReceiver will display discovered Bluetooth devices */
public class myOwnBroadcastReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
ConnectToBluetooth connectBT;

@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
String action=intent.getAction();
ToastMaster("ACTION:" + action);

//Notification that BluetoothDevice is FOUND
if (BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND.equals(action)) {
//Display the name of the discovered device
String discoveredDeviceName = intent.getStringExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_NAME);
ToastMaster("Discovered: " + discoveredDeviceName);

//Display more information about the discovered device
BluetoothDevice discoveredDevice = intent.getParcelableExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_DEVICE);
ToastMaster("getAddress() = " + discoveredDevice.getAddress());
ToastMaster("getName() = " + discoveredDevice.getName());

int bondyState=discoveredDevice.getBondState();
ToastMaster("getBondState() = " + bondyState);

String mybondState;
switch(bondyState) {
case 10:
mybondState="BOND_NONE";
break;
case 11:
mybondState="BOND_BONDING";
break;
case 12:
mybondState="BOND_BONDED";
break;
default:
mybondState="INVALID BOND STATE";
break;
}
ToastMaster("getBondState() = " + mybondState);

//Change foundDevice to true which will make the screen turn green
foundDevice=true;

//Connect to the discovered bluetooth device (SeeedBTSlave)
if (discoveredDeviceName.equals("SeeedBTSlave")) {
ToastMaster("Connecting you Now !!");
unregisterReceiver(myDiscoverer);
connectBT = new ConnectToBluetooth(discoveredDevice);
//Connect to the the device in a new thread
new Thread(connectBT).start();
}
}

//Notification if bluetooth device is connected
if (BluetoothDevice.ACTION_ACL_CONNECTED.equals(action)) {
ToastMaster("CONNECTED _ YAY");
int counter=0;
while (scSocket==null) {
//do nothing
}
ToastMaster("scSocket" + scSocket);
BTisConnected=true; //turn screen purple
if (scSocket!=null) {
sendReceiveBT = new SendReceiveBytes(scSocket);
new Thread(sendReceiveBT).start();
String red = "r";
byte[] myByte = stringToBytesUTFCustom(red);
sendReceiveBT.write(myByte);
}
}
}
}

public static byte[] stringToBytesUTFCustom(String str) {
char[] buffer = str.toCharArray();
byte[] b = new byte[buffer.length << 1];
for (int i = 0; i < buffer.length; i++) {
int bpos = i << 1;
b[bpos] = (byte) ((buffer[i]&0xFF00)>>8);
b[bpos + 1] = (byte) (buffer[i]&0x00FF);
}
return b;
}

public class ConnectToBluetooth implements Runnable {
private BluetoothDevice btShield;
private BluetoothSocket mySocket = null;
private UUID uuid = UUID.fromString("00001101-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB");

public ConnectToBluetooth(BluetoothDevice bluetoothShield) {
btShield = bluetoothShield;
try {
mySocket = btShield.createRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(uuid);
}
catch(IOException createSocketException) {
//Problem with creating a socket
Log.e("ConnectToBluetooth", "Error with Socket");
}
}

@Override
public void run() {
/* Cancel discovery on Bluetooth Adapter to prevent slow connection */
bluetooth.cancelDiscovery();

try {
/*Connect to the bluetoothShield through the Socket. This will block
until it succeeds or throws an IOException */
mySocket.connect();
scSocket=mySocket;
}
catch (IOException connectException) {
Log.e("ConnectToBluetooth", "Error with Socket Connection");
try {
mySocket.close(); //try to close the socket
}
catch(IOException closeException) {
}
return;
}
}

// Will allow you to get the socket from this class
public BluetoothSocket getSocket() {
return mySocket;
}

/* Will cancel an in-progress connection, and close the socket */
public void cancel() {
try {
mySocket.close();
}
catch (IOException e) {
}
}
}



private class SendReceiveBytes implements Runnable {
private BluetoothSocket btSocket;
private InputStream btInputStream = null;
;
private OutputStream btOutputStream = null;
String TAG = "SendReceiveBytes";

public SendReceiveBytes(BluetoothSocket socket) {
btSocket = socket;
try {
btInputStream = btSocket.getInputStream();
btOutputStream = btSocket.getOutputStream();
}
catch (IOException streamError) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error when getting input or output Stream");
}
}

public void run() {
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; // buffer store for the stream
int bytes; // bytes returned from read()

// Keep listening to the InputStream until an exception occurs
while (true) {
try {
// Read from the InputStream
bytes = btInputStream.read(buffer);
// Send the obtained bytes to the UI activity
mHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_READ, bytes, -1, buffer)
.sendToTarget();
}
catch (IOException e) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error reading from btInputStream");
break;
}
}
}

/* Call this from the main activity to send data to the remote device */
public void write(byte[] bytes) {
try {
btOutputStream.write(bytes);
}
catch (IOException e) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error when writing to btOutputStream");
}
}

/* Call this from the main activity to shutdown the connection */
public void cancel() {
try {
btSocket.close();
}
catch (IOException e) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error when closing the btSocket");
}
}
}



/* My ToastMaster function to display a messageBox on the screen */
void ToastMaster(String textToDisplay) {
Toast myMessage = Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
textToDisplay,
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT);
myMessage.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
myMessage.show();
}




//onClickWidget is called when a widget is clicked/touched
void onClickWidget(APWidget widget) {
String sendLetter = "";

//Disable the previous Background colour changers
foundDevice=false;
BTisConnected=false;

if (widget == redButton) { //if the red button was clicked
buttonText="RED";
background(255, 0, 0);
sendLetter = "r";
}
else if (widget == greenButton) { //if the green button was clicked
buttonText="GREEN";
background(0, 255, 0);
sendLetter = "g";
}
else if (widget == blueButton) { //if the blue button was clicked
buttonText="BLUE";
background(0, 0, 255);
sendLetter = "b";
}
else if (widget == offButton) { //if the off button was clicked
buttonText="OFF";
background(0);
sendLetter = "x";
}

byte[] myByte = stringToBytesUTFCustom(sendLetter);
sendReceiveBT.write(myByte);
}
The sketch above has been thrown together without much planning or consideration for code efficiency. It was deliberately done this way so that you could see and follow the incremental approach used to create this Android/Processing Bluetooth App. I will do my best to rewrite and simplify some of the code, however, I don't anticipate the final sketch will be a short script.
You should have noticed that I included a fourth button called an "off" button. This will turn off the RGB led. However, the Arduino code in its current format does not know what to do with an 'x'. So we will update the sketch as follows:

Arduino Sketch 3: Bluetooth RGB Colour Changer (with OFF option)

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/* This project combines the code from a few different sources.
This project was put together by ScottC on the 15/01/2013
http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/

Bluetooth slave code by Steve Chang - downloaded from :
http://www.seeedstudio.com/wiki/index.php?title=Bluetooth_Shield

Grove Chainable RGB code can be found here :
http://www.seeedstudio.com/wiki/Grove_-_Chainable_RGB_LED#Introduction

Updated on 25 March 2013: Receive 'x' to turn off RGB LED.

*/

#include <SoftwareSerial.h> //Software Serial Port

#define uint8 unsigned char
#define uint16 unsigned int
#define uint32 unsigned long int

#define RxD 6 // This is the pin that the Bluetooth (BT_TX) will transmit to the Arduino (RxD)
#define TxD 7 // This is the pin that the Bluetooth (BT_RX) will receive from the Arduino (TxD)

#define DEBUG_ENABLED 1

int Clkpin = 9; //RGB LED Clock Pin (Digital 9)
int Datapin = 8; //RGB LED Data Pin (Digital 8)

SoftwareSerial blueToothSerial(RxD, TxD);


/*----------------------SETUP----------------------------*/
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Allow Serial communication via USB cable to computer (if required)
pinMode(RxD, INPUT); // Setup the Arduino to receive INPUT from the bluetooth shield on Digital Pin 6
pinMode(TxD, OUTPUT); // Setup the Arduino to send data (OUTPUT) to the bluetooth shield on Digital Pin 7
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // Use onboard LED if required.
setupBlueToothConnection(); //Used to initialise the Bluetooth shield

pinMode(Datapin, OUTPUT); // Setup the RGB LED Data Pin
pinMode(Clkpin, OUTPUT); // Setup the RGB LED Clock pin
}


/*----------------------LOOP----------------------------*/
void loop() {
digitalWrite(13, LOW); //Turn off the onboard Arduino LED
char recvChar;
while (1) {
if (blueToothSerial.available()) {//check if there's any data sent from the remote bluetooth shield
recvChar = blueToothSerial.read();
Serial.print(recvChar); // Print the character received to the Serial Monitor (if required)

//If the character received = 'r' , then change the RGB led to display a RED colour
if (recvChar=='r') {
Send32Zero(); // begin
DataDealWithAndSend(255, 0, 0); // first node data
Send32Zero(); // send to update data
}

//If the character received = 'g' , then change the RGB led to display a GREEN colour
if (recvChar=='g') {
Send32Zero(); // begin
DataDealWithAndSend(0, 255, 0); // first node data
Send32Zero(); // send to update data
}

//If the character received = 'b' , then change the RGB led to display a BLUE colour
if (recvChar=='b') {
Send32Zero(); // begin
DataDealWithAndSend(0, 0, 255); // first node data
Send32Zero(); // send to update data
}

//If the character received = 'x' , then turn RGB led OFF
if (recvChar=='x') {
Send32Zero(); // begin
DataDealWithAndSend(0, 0, 0); // first node data
Send32Zero(); // send to update data
}
}

//You can use the following code to deal with any information coming from the Computer (serial monitor)
if (Serial.available()) {
recvChar = Serial.read();

//This will send value obtained (recvChar) to the phone. The value will be displayed on the phone.
blueToothSerial.print(recvChar);
}
}
}



//The following code is necessary to setup the bluetooth shield ------copy and paste----------------
void setupBlueToothConnection()
{
blueToothSerial.begin(38400); //Set BluetoothBee BaudRate to default baud rate 38400
blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+STWMOD=0\r\n"); //set the bluetooth work in slave mode
blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+STNA=SeeedBTSlave\r\n"); //set the bluetooth name as "SeeedBTSlave"
blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+STOAUT=1\r\n"); // Permit Paired device to connect me
blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+STAUTO=0\r\n"); // Auto-connection should be forbidden here
delay(2000); // This delay is required.
blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+INQ=1\r\n"); //make the slave bluetooth inquirable
Serial.println("The slave bluetooth is inquirable!");
delay(2000); // This delay is required.
blueToothSerial.flush();
}


//The following code snippets are used update the colour of the RGB LED-----copy and paste------------
void ClkProduce(void) {
digitalWrite(Clkpin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(20);
digitalWrite(Clkpin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(20);
}
void Send32Zero(void) {
unsigned char i;
for (i=0; i<32; i++) {
digitalWrite(Datapin, LOW);
ClkProduce();
}
}



uint8 TakeAntiCode(uint8 dat) {
uint8 tmp = 0;
if ((dat & 0x80) == 0) {
tmp |= 0x02;
}

if ((dat & 0x40) == 0) {
tmp |= 0x01;
}
return tmp;
}


// gray data
void DatSend(uint32 dx) {
uint8 i;
for (i=0; i<32; i++) {
if ((dx & 0x80000000) != 0) {
digitalWrite(Datapin, HIGH);
}
else {
digitalWrite(Datapin, LOW);
}
dx <<= 1;
ClkProduce();
}
}

// data processing
void DataDealWithAndSend(uint8 r, uint8 g, uint8 b) {
uint32 dx = 0;

dx |= (uint32)0x03 << 30; // highest two bits 1,flag bits
dx |= (uint32)TakeAntiCode(b) << 28;
dx |= (uint32)TakeAntiCode(g) << 26;
dx |= (uint32)TakeAntiCode(r) << 24;

dx |= (uint32)b << 16;
dx |= (uint32)g << 8;
dx |= r;

DatSend(dx);
}



Well that concludes part 3.
Part 4 is a summary of the finished project with videos, screenshots, parts used etc.
I hope you found this tutorial useful. I would love to receive any advice on how I could improve these tutorials (please put your recommendations in comments below).

Reason for this Project:
While there are quite a few people creating Android/Arduino projects, I have not been able to find many that show how these are being accomplished using the Android/Processing IDE, and even less on how they are using Bluetooth in their Android/Processing projects. I hope my piecing of information will spark some creative Bluetooth projects of your own.



PART 4: Navigate here.





Bluetooth Android Processing 2

PART TWO


If you happened to land on this page and missed PART ONE, I would advise you go back and read that section first. You may get lost coming in half way through the story. This is what you'll find in part one.
  • Downloading and setting up the Android SDK
  • Downloading the Processing IDE
  • Setting up and preparing the Android device
  • Running through a couple of Processing/Android sketches on an Andoid phone.
In the last sketch we checked to see if Bluetooth was enabled, if not, we then asked for permission to turn it on. The screen would then display a different colour depending on the Bluetooth state. So let's keep on going,


ToastMaster - the master of all Toasts

I will now introduce you to Toast. What does "Toast" have to do with programming ? Toast is used by Android to quietly display little messages on the screen.
Have a look here for a a quick introduction to Toast, otherwise have a look at the Android Developers Toast information.

I will be creating my own method that relies on Toast to make the process of displaying messages easier. I have named this method: "ToastMaster".
A word of warning. Calling ToastMaster from within setup() will cause errorsin the DiscoverBluetooth sketch (further down this page).
This will not happen in every sketch, but the Discoverbluetooth sketch has subActivities which may cause some sort of conflict.. I did warn you.

Here is a quick look at my ToastMaster method (no need to compile this code):
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/* My ToastMaster function to display a messageBox on the screen */
void ToastMaster(String textToDisplay){
Toast myMessage = Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
textToDisplay,
Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
myMessage.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
myMessage.show();
}

Here is a breakdown of what this is doing:
  • Toast.makeText() - is used to construct the message to be displayed. 
  • getApplicationContext() - gets a handle on the Application
  • textToDisplay - is obvious, this is the text you want to display.
  • Toast.LENGTH_LONG - is how long you want the message to displayed for. (or LENGTH_SHORT)
  • setGravity() - sets the message position on the screen, in this case I have chosen to center the text.
  • show() - is used to actually show the message.

Broadcast Receivers : Looking out for Bluetooth devices
To listen/look out for any Bluetooth devices that are within range, we need to create and  register a Broadcast receiver.
When registering a BroadcastReceiver, you will need to tell the program what it is you are looking / listening out for. In our case we want to listen out for occasions whereby a Bluetooth device is FOUND.  This is represented by:
If a BluetoothDevice is found, then the designated BroadcastReceiver will be called. We make our own BroadcastReceiver in order to perform a task such as displaying the name of the discovered device on the phone. However, before you will find anything, you have to start Discovering. This is done by calling the startDiscovery() method of the default Bluetooth adapter.

Here are the relevant components:
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BluetoothAdapter bluetooth = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();
BroadcastReceiver myDiscoverer =
new myOwnBroadcastReceiver();
//Within Setup()
if (bluetooth.isEnabled()) {
registerReceiver(myDiscoverer,
new IntentFilter(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND));
if (!bluetooth.isDiscovering()){
bluetooth.startDiscovery();
}
}

/* This BroadcastReceiver will display discovered Bluetooth devices */
public class myOwnBroadcastReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
String discoveredDeviceName = intent.getStringExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_NAME);

//Display the name of the discovered device
ToastMaster("
Discovered: " + discoveredDeviceName);
}
}




Discovering Bluetooth devices: putting it all together

You will notice that in the following sketch, we have to import a whole lot more. Which is why I have tried to break it down into bite size chunks, to help you digest it all. Now we will put it all together into a sketch which will
  • ask to turn Bluetooth ON if it happens to be disabled.
  • If you don't turn on Bluetooth, it will tell you that you need to turn it on.
  • If you turn on bluetooth (or if it was already on), it will try to discover any bluetooth devices in range. These devices need to be made "discoverable" before running this sketch.
  • If the phone finds a bluetooth device, it will display the name of the device and will change the background screen colour to GREEN.
Android/Processing Sketch 4: DiscoverBluetooth
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/* DiscoverBluetooth: Written by ScottC on 18 March 2013 using 
Processing version 2.0b8
Tested on a Samsung Galaxy SII, with Android version 2.3.4
Android ADK - API 10 SDK platform */


import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.IntentFilter;
import android.widget.Toast;
import android.view.Gravity;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothDevice;

boolean foundDevice=
false; //When this is true, the screen turns green.
//Get the default Bluetooth adapter
BluetoothAdapter bluetooth = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();

/*The startActivityForResult() within setup() launches an
Activity which is used to request the user to turn Bluetooth on.
The following onActivityResult() method is called when this
Activity exits. */

@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data){
if(requestCode==0){
if(resultCode == RESULT_OK){
ToastMaster("
Bluetooth has been switched ON");
}
else {
ToastMaster("
You need to turn Bluetooth ON !!!");
}
}
}


/* Create a Broadcast Receiver that will later be used to
receive the names of Bluetooth devices in range. */

BroadcastReceiver myDiscoverer =
new myOwnBroadcastReceiver();


void setup(){
orientation(LANDSCAPE);
/*IF Bluetooth is NOT enabled, then ask user permission to enable it */
if (!bluetooth.isEnabled()) {
Intent requestBluetooth =
new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);
startActivityForResult(requestBluetooth, 0);
}

/*If Bluetooth is now enabled, then register a broadcastReceiver to report any
discovered Bluetooth devices, and then start discovering */

if (bluetooth.isEnabled()) {
registerReceiver(myDiscoverer,
new IntentFilter(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND));
//Start bluetooth discovery if it is not doing so already
if (!bluetooth.isDiscovering()){
bluetooth.startDiscovery();
}
}
}


void draw(){
//Display a green screen if a device has been found
if(foundDevice){
background(10,255,10);
}
}


/* This BroadcastReceiver will display discovered Bluetooth devices */
public class myOwnBroadcastReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
String discoveredDeviceName = intent.getStringExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_NAME);

//Display the name of the discovered device
ToastMaster("
Discovered: " + discoveredDeviceName);

//Change foundDevice to true which will make the screen turn green
foundDevice=
true;
}
}


/* My ToastMaster function to display a messageBox on the screen */
void ToastMaster(String textToDisplay){
Toast myMessage = Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
textToDisplay,
Toast.LENGTH_LONG);
myMessage.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
myMessage.show();
}


Upgrading the Broadcast Receiver : More Device info

Ok, we have the device name. But what other information can we collect from the device? You can call
This will return the discovered BluetoothDevice, which can then be probed to find the following information.
  • .getName()   =  Which is a different way of getting the name of the BluetoothDevice.
  • .getAddress() = Returns the hardware address of the BluetoothDevice.  eg. "00:11:22:AA:BB:CC"
  • .getBondState() = Returns an integer which describes the BondState of the BluetoothDevice
These are the three possible BondStates 
Here is an updated version of the custom BroadcastReceiver class (myOwnBroadcastReceiver) from the DiscoverBluetooth sketch described above.
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/* This BroadcastReceiver will display discovered Bluetooth devices */
public class myOwnBroadcastReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {

//Display the name of the discovered device
String discoveredDeviceName = intent.getStringExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_NAME);
ToastMaster("
Discovered: " + discoveredDeviceName);

//Display more information about the discovered device
BluetoothDevice discoveredDevice = intent.getParcelableExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_DEVICE);
ToastMaster("
getAddress() = " + discoveredDevice.getAddress());
ToastMaster("
getName() = " + discoveredDevice.getName());

int bondyState=discoveredDevice.getBondState();
ToastMaster("
getBondState() = " + bondyState);

String mybondState;
switch(bondyState){
case 10: mybondState="BOND_NONE";
break;
case 11: mybondState="BOND_BONDING";
break;
case 12: mybondState="BOND_BONDED";
break;
default: mybondState="INVALID BOND STATE";
break;
}
ToastMaster("
getBondState() = " + mybondState);

//Change foundDevice to true which will make the screen turn green
foundDevice=
true;
}
}

If you replace the old version of  myOwnBroadcastReceiver with this one, you will know a little bit more about the devices discovered.


Connecting to the Bluetooth Device:
While we now have more information about the Bluetooth device, we don't really need it, and we will get rid of it by the end of the tutorial, however we will keep it here for the time being. In the next updated sketch we will be making a connection to the discovered device, and turning the background purple when the connection is made. In order to do this we will need to
  • Create a boolean variable to hold the connection status
  • Create and register a new BroadcastReceiver to notify us when a connection broadcast action has been received.
  • Create a new thread to handle the connection
  • Change the background screen colour when a successful connection has been made
First we need the boolean to hold the connection status:
  • boolean BTisConnected=false;
When the boolean is true, the screen will change to purple. The draw() method will be updated to accommodate this requirement.
Next we will create and register a new BroadcastReceiver, it is created using this:
  • BroadcastReceiver checkIsConnected = new myOwnBroadcastReceiver();
This broadcastreceiver will be used to notify us when a connection has been made. Therefore we need to register the (BluetoothDevice.ACTION_ACL_CONNECTED)
action with the BroadcastReceiver in the following way
  • registerReceiver(checkIsConnected, new IntentFilter(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_ACL_CONNECTED));
We will need to update myOwnBroadcastReceiver() to be able to differentiate beween this action and the (BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND) action used already. This is done by first getting the action from the intent variable described in the onReceive() method within myOwnBroadcastReceiver().
  • String action=intent.getAction();
We can differentiate the two actions using the following simplified code in myOwnBroadcastReceiver:

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public class myOwnBroadcastReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
String action=intent.getAction();

//Notification that BluetoothDevice is FOUND
if(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND.equals(action)){
foundDevice=
true; //Change the screen to green
}

//Notification if bluetooth device is connected
if(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_ACL_CONNECTED.equals(action)){
BTisConnected=
true; //turn screen purple
}
}
}

Now that we can be notified about the connection made to the Bluetooth Device, lets go through the code required to make the connection. We will only connect if we have actually discovered a device, so we will put this code within the FOUND section of myOwnBroadcastReceiver.

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 //Connect to the discovered bluetooth device (SeeedBTSlave)
if(discoveredDeviceName.equals("SeeedBTSlave")){
unregisterReceiver(myDiscoverer);
ConnectToBluetooth connectBT =
new ConnectToBluetooth(discoveredDevice);
//Connect to the the device in a new thread
new Thread(connectBT).start();
}
}

We use the discoveredDeviceName variable to specifically target the Bluetooth device we wish to connect to. We then unregister the myDiscoverer BroadcastReceiver because we are going to stop discovering before we connect to the Bluetooth Device, plus if you don't, it will generate an error. We then pass our discovered device to a new Thread to connect to that device in the background.  The class used to handle the connection is the "ConnectToBluetooth" class as displayed below:

We will cancelDiscovery() on the bluetooth Adapter to prevent a slow connection.
Also we will need to use a specific UUID as per below:
  • private UUID uuid = UUID.fromString("00001101-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB");
I have tried changing the UUID, but changing it to a different number prevented it from establishing a connection.
Before you can connect to the Bluetooth shield you need to use the UUID to create a BluetoothSocket.
  • mySocket = btShield.createRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(uuid);
Once you have the socket, you can then try to connect using:
  • mySocket.connect();
Make sure you have some way of closing the socket, this is done in the cancel() method.

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public class ConnectToBluetooth implements Runnable{
private BluetoothDevice btShield;
private BluetoothSocket mySocket = null;
private UUID uuid = UUID.fromString("00001101-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB");

public ConnectToBluetooth(BluetoothDevice bluetoothShield) {
btShield = bluetoothShield;
try{
mySocket = btShield.createRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(uuid);
}
catch(IOException createSocketException){
//Problem with creating a socket
}
}

@Override
public void run() {
/* Cancel discovery on Bluetooth Adapter to prevent slow connection */
bluetooth.cancelDiscovery();

try{
/*Connect to the bluetoothShield through the Socket. This will block
until it succeeds or throws an IOException */

mySocket.connect();
}
catch (IOException connectException){
try{
mySocket.close();
//try to close the socket
}
catch(IOException closeException){
}
return;
}
}

/* Will cancel an in-progress connection, and close the socket */
public void cancel() {
try {
mySocket.close();
}
catch (IOException e){
}
}
}

The major structure of this code was made possible using the following site:
http://jayxie.com/mirrors/android-sdk/guide/topics/wireless/bluetooth.html

And the following sites were also useful in getting some of the information I needed:
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13238600/use-registerreceiver-for-non-activity-and-non-service-class
http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/connectivity/bluetooth.html


While I have described all the major components required to connect to the Bluetooth Device, I will now put it all together in a new and updated version of the "DiscoverBluetooth" Android/Processing sketch and call it "ConnectBluetooth". There is some additional code in this sketch which I did not specifically go through, for example, the code used to turn the background to purple in the draw() method. Look out for that one. Anyway, read through the following code, and make sure that you understand what each section is doing.

Android/Processing Sketch 5: ConnectBluetooth
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/* ConnectBluetooth: Written by ScottC on 18 March 2013 using 
Processing version 2.0b8
Tested on a Samsung Galaxy SII, with Android version 2.3.4
Android ADK - API 10 SDK platform */


import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.IntentFilter;
import android.widget.Toast;
import android.view.Gravity;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothDevice;

import java.util.UUID;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import android.util.Log;

import android.bluetooth.BluetoothServerSocket;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothSocket;

boolean foundDevice=
false; //When true, the screen turns green.
boolean BTisConnected=
false; //When true, the screen turns purple.


//Get the default Bluetooth adapter
BluetoothAdapter bluetooth = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();

/*The startActivityForResult() within setup() launches an
Activity which is used to request the user to turn Bluetooth on.
The following onActivityResult() method is called when this
Activity exits. */

@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data){
if(requestCode==0){
if(resultCode == RESULT_OK){
ToastMaster("
Bluetooth has been switched ON");
}
else {
ToastMaster("
You need to turn Bluetooth ON !!!");
}
}
}


/* Create a BroadcastReceiver that will later be used to
receive the names of Bluetooth devices in range. */

BroadcastReceiver myDiscoverer =
new myOwnBroadcastReceiver();
/* Create a BroadcastReceiver that will later be used to
identify if the Bluetooth device is connected */

BroadcastReceiver checkIsConnected =
new myOwnBroadcastReceiver();

void setup(){
orientation(LANDSCAPE);
/*IF Bluetooth is NOT enabled, then ask user permission to enable it */
if (!bluetooth.isEnabled()) {
Intent requestBluetooth =
new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);
startActivityForResult(requestBluetooth, 0);
}

/*If Bluetooth is now enabled, then register a broadcastReceiver to report any
discovered Bluetooth devices, and then start discovering */

if (bluetooth.isEnabled()) {
registerReceiver(myDiscoverer,
new IntentFilter(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND));
registerReceiver(checkIsConnected,
new IntentFilter(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_ACL_CONNECTED));

//Start bluetooth discovery if it is not doing so already
if (!bluetooth.isDiscovering()){
bluetooth.startDiscovery();
}
}
}


void draw(){
//Display a green screen if a device has been found,
//Display a purple screen when a connection is made to the device
if(foundDevice){
if(BTisConnected){
background(170,50,255);
// purple screen
}
else {
background(10,255,10);
// green screen
}
}
}


/* This BroadcastReceiver will display discovered Bluetooth devices */
public class myOwnBroadcastReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
String action=intent.getAction();
ToastMaster("
ACTION:" + action);

//Notification that BluetoothDevice is FOUND
if(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND.equals(action)){
//Display the name of the discovered device
String discoveredDeviceName = intent.getStringExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_NAME);
ToastMaster("
Discovered: " + discoveredDeviceName);

//Display more information about the discovered device
BluetoothDevice discoveredDevice = intent.getParcelableExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_DEVICE);
ToastMaster("
getAddress() = " + discoveredDevice.getAddress());
ToastMaster("
getName() = " + discoveredDevice.getName());

int bondyState=discoveredDevice.getBondState();
ToastMaster("
getBondState() = " + bondyState);

String mybondState;
switch(bondyState){
case 10: mybondState="BOND_NONE";
break;
case 11: mybondState="BOND_BONDING";
break;
case 12: mybondState="BOND_BONDED";
break;
default: mybondState="INVALID BOND STATE";
break;
}
ToastMaster("
getBondState() = " + mybondState);

//Change foundDevice to true which will make the screen turn green
foundDevice=
true;

//Connect to the discovered bluetooth device (SeeedBTSlave)
if(discoveredDeviceName.equals("SeeedBTSlave")){
ToastMaster("
Connecting you Now !!");
unregisterReceiver(myDiscoverer);
ConnectToBluetooth connectBT =
new ConnectToBluetooth(discoveredDevice);
//Connect to the the device in a new thread
new Thread(connectBT).start();
}
}

//Notification if bluetooth device is connected
if(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_ACL_CONNECTED.equals(action)){
ToastMaster("
CONNECTED _ YAY");
BTisConnected=
true; //turn screen purple
}
}
}
public class ConnectToBluetooth implements Runnable{
private BluetoothDevice btShield;
private BluetoothSocket mySocket = null;
private UUID uuid = UUID.fromString("00001101-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB");

public ConnectToBluetooth(BluetoothDevice bluetoothShield) {
btShield = bluetoothShield;
try{
mySocket = btShield.createRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(uuid);
}
catch(IOException createSocketException){
//Problem with creating a socket
}
}

@Override
public void run() {
/* Cancel discovery on Bluetooth Adapter to prevent slow connection */
bluetooth.cancelDiscovery();

try{
/*Connect to the bluetoothShield through the Socket. This will block
until it succeeds or throws an IOException */

mySocket.connect();
}
catch (IOException connectException){
try{
mySocket.close();
//try to close the socket
}
catch(IOException closeException){
}
return;
}
}

/* Will cancel an in-progress connection, and close the socket */
public void cancel() {
try {
mySocket.close();
}
catch (IOException e){
}
}
}

/* My ToastMaster function to display a messageBox on the screen */
void ToastMaster(String textToDisplay){
Toast myMessage = Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),
textToDisplay,
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT);
myMessage.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER, 0, 0);
myMessage.show();
}


The Arduino Sketch

Most of the Android/Processing code used so far has depended on a Bluetooth Device being discoverable. Our ultimate aim it to connect to a Bluetooth Shield on an Arduino UNO or compatible board such as the Freetronics Eleven. The following sketch was essentially taken from one of my previous posts (here), however, I have stripped it down to the bear essentials so that it will only be discoverable, and will not send or receive data. I will provide this functionality later. I just wanted to show you the essential bits to establish the connection to the Shield.

ARDUINO Sketch 1: Bluetooth Pair and Connect
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/* This project combines the code from a few different sources.
This project was put together by ScottC on the 22/03/2013
http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/

Bluetooth slave code by Steve Chang - downloaded from :
http://www.seeedstudio.com/wiki/index.php?title=Bluetooth_Shield

This sketch does nothing more than setup bluetooth
connection capabilities. It does not send or receive data.

*/


#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
//Software Serial Port

#define RxD 6
// This is the pin that the Bluetooth (BT_TX) will transmit to the Arduino (RxD)
#define TxD 7
// This is the pin that the Bluetooth (BT_RX) will receive from the Arduino (TxD)

#define DEBUG_ENABLED 1

SoftwareSerial blueToothSerial(RxD,TxD);
/*----------------------SETUP----------------------------*/ void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
// Allow Serial communication via USB cable to computer (if required)
pinMode(RxD, INPUT);
// Setup the Arduino to receive INPUT from the bluetooth shield on Digital Pin 6
pinMode(TxD, OUTPUT);
// Setup the Arduino to send data (OUTPUT) to the bluetooth shield on Digital Pin 7
pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
// Use onboard LED if required.
setupBlueToothConnection();
//Used to initialise the Bluetooth shield
}
/*----------------------LOOP----------------------------*/ void loop() {
digitalWrite(13,LOW);
//Turn off the onboard Arduino LED
}

//The following code is necessary to setup the bluetooth shield ------copy and paste----------------
void setupBlueToothConnection()
{
blueToothSerial.begin(38400);
//Set BluetoothBee BaudRate to default baud rate 38400
blueToothSerial.print("
\r\n+STWMOD=0\r\n"); //set the bluetooth work in slave mode
blueToothSerial.print("
\r\n+STNA=SeeedBTSlave\r\n"); //set the bluetooth name as "SeeedBTSlave"
blueToothSerial.print("
\r\n+STOAUT=1\r\n"); // Permit Paired device to connect me
blueToothSerial.print("
\r\n+STAUTO=0\r\n"); // Auto-connection should be forbidden here
delay(2000);
// This delay is required.
blueToothSerial.print("
\r\n+INQ=1\r\n"); //make the slave bluetooth inquirable
Serial.println("
The slave bluetooth is inquirable!");
delay(2000);
// This delay is required.
blueToothSerial.flush();
}



Please make sure to setup the Bluetooth jumpers as per the picture below, otherwise you will not have much luck with the sketch above.






Well that brings us to the end of part TWO.

PART THREE
In part three we will attempt to actually send some data from the Android phone to the Arduino via Bluetooth, and vice versa. This will be when the real fun starts.


or GO BACK
Click on the link if you missed PART ONE

Bluetooth Android Processing 1


PART ONE


Introduction

This is a four part tutorial which will take you through step-by-step on how to create Android apps on your Mobile device that will allow you to communicate with your Arduino over Bluetooth. This tutorial is based upon the Windows environment and an Android device like the Samsung Galaxy S2 Phone.
I will take you through setting up your computer and phone, and will move through in stages so that you understand what each part of the bluetooth code is actually doing. Obviously you will need to ensure that you have a Bluetooth Shield on your Arduino to be able to walk through this tutorial with me.
If you are not interested in the step-by-step instructions, you can jump straight to the end (Part 4) which will have the complete Arduino and Android/Processing code that was used in the following video:

The Goal of this project (Video)


Setting up Processing for Android applications:
For the latest and most up to date version, please follow the instructions on this website: http://wiki.processing.org/w/Android

    Step One:
    Download the Android SDK from this website:
    http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html

    Android SDK Download:
    Make sure to select the "Use and Existing IDE" link, as per the picture below.



    When you select the "Use an Existing IDE" link, it will then show you the appropriate download to use. This is what it should look like.

    Select the "Download the SDK Tools for Windows" link.
    Once you have downloaded the Android SDK, go ahead and install it as per the instructions below.
    These instruction can also be found here.






    Installing the necessary packages in the Android SDK Manager program
    Make the following 3 selections:
    • Tools: Android SDK Platform-tools
    • API 10: SDK Platform
    • Extras: Google USB Driver
    Then select the button on the bottom-right to install your selections.

    Here is a picture of the Android SDK Manager selections:


    While you may decide to download other packages,
    you MUST download API 10: SDK Platform .
    Do not leave this one out !!



    Step Two: Processing Download

    Download the latest Processing IDE(version 2.0 Beta 8) from this website:
    http://processing.org/download/

    I am using Windows 7, and have chosen to download the Windows 32 bit version as shown below.




    Load Processing, and switch to Android mode, as per the image below.




    You should now have an empty sketch window which looks something like this.





    Step Three: Setting up the Android Hardware device (Phone)
    For the latest steps you can have a look at this site:
    http://developer.android.com/tools/device.html

    However, these are the ones that I carried out:

    Turn on USB debugging on your Android Phone:
    To find out what Android Version you are on, have a look at
        Settings > About Phone : look for heading "Android Version".
    • My Android version is 2.3.4 on my Samsung Galaxy S2.
    To Enable USB Debugging:
       
    Settings > Applications > Development > Select (or Enable) USB debugging

      For those of you who have a different Android version, have a look below:





      Downloading the USB driver for your Android Phone(Windows Users)
      If you are developing on Windows and would like to connect an Android-powered device to test your applications, then you need to install the appropriate USB driver. Have a look at this site for more information on how to download the USB driver for your phone:
      http://developer.android.com/tools/extras/oem-usb.html

      I have a Samsung Galaxy S2 phone, so I had to go to the Samsung Site here:
      http://www.samsung.com/us/support/downloads

      But because I am not in the USA, I had to click on the link for "non-US products":
      http://www.samsung.com/us/support/downloads/global

      You will need the model number of your phone:
      On the Samsung Galaxy S2, you can go into
          Settings > About Phone => Model number. Otherwise, it is located behind the battery.
      • My Phone's Model Number is: GT-I9100
      See the image below for the link to press if you have a non-US phone.



      Then I continued with the install of the USB driver as per the document below:
      http://developer.android.com/tools/extras/oem-usb.html







      Step Four: Android-Processing Sketch
      We will now test our our current setup and make sure that we can run a simple Processing Sketch on the Phone. Bluetooth functionality will be tested later on, so all we need for this step, is our computer, our Android phone, and a USB cable. While it is possible to run this sketch without an Android phone (by using the emulator), I personally do not have the patience to wait an eternity while the emulator boots up... (yes, it takes an eternity)... In this tutorial, we are going to test it on the device (phone).
      This sketch has an orange background and a black circle which you can move around the screen with your finger (that's it) - I did say it was going to be a simple sketch.

      Copy and paste the following Android-Processing sketch into the IDE, and then press the (Run on Device) button, which is the triangle button or press Ctrl-R.


      Android/Processing Sketch 1: Circle Dragger

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      /*Circle Dragger: Simple Android-Processing Sketch written by ScottC on 13/03/2013.
      Visit: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/
      */

      int circleWidth = 150;
      void setup(){
      orientation(LANDSCAPE);
      }
      void draw(){
      background(255,100,0);
      fill(0);
      ellipse(mouseX,mouseY,circleWidth,circleWidth);
      }


      You should see an orange screen appear on your phone. Move your finger across the screen and watch as the black circle follows your finger.
      No, not rocket science, but hopefully everything worked as planned. If you want to change the colour of the background or circle, this is a good site:
      http://www.colorpicker.com/



      Step Five: Bluetooth testing:
      We are now going to walk through Bluetooth connectivity. While we could just use a library to do all the heavy lifting for us, I decided to explore Bluetooth functionality from scratch. This will hopefully provide greater returns in the long run. Ok, lets create a new Android/Processing Sketch which changes its behaviour depending on whether Bluetooth is enabled or disabled when the sketch is run. We will display a red screen when Bluetooth is switched off, and green when Bluetooth is switched on.

      To enable Bluetooth on my Samsung Galaxy SII phone:
      • Settings >Wireless and Network > Bluetooth Settings > Bluetooth (Turn on Bluetooth) - check the box

      To disable Bluetooth on my Samsung Galaxy SII phone:
      • Settings >Wireless and Network > Bluetooth Settings > Bluetooth - Uncheck the box

      In the processing/android IDE, you need to make sure that you update the AndroidManifest.xml file to grant specific permissions. You can either edit the file manually in the sketch folder, however, it is much easier and safer to do the following. In the processing/android IDE, select:
      •   Android > Sketch permissions  (as per the picture below)

      • Make sure that BLUETOOTH and BLUETOOTH_ADMIN are selected (as per the picture below). Then press the OK button.


      Then copy and paste the following sketch into the processing/android IDE:


      Android/Processing Sketch 2: BluetoothChecker1
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      /*BluetoothChecker1: Written by ScottC on 17 March 2013
      This will show a red screen if Bluetooth is off,
      and a green screen when Bluetooth is switched on */


      import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter;

      BluetoothAdapter bluetooth = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();
      void setup(){
      orientation(LANDSCAPE);
      }
      void draw(){
      if(bluetooth.isEnabled()){
      background(10,255,30);
      }
      else {
      background(255,10,30);
      }
      }


      When you run the BluetoothChecker1 sketch on the device, you will either see a red screen or a green screen depending on whether you had Bluetooth enabled or disabled at the time. Ok, pretty boring, but it is a start. What if we wanted to ask the USER if they would like to enable Bluetooth at the beginning? We could then change the appearance of the screen depending on their selected answer. Before we add this functionality, I would recommend that you read about the following concepts introduced in the next sketch.
      While it is actually possible to turn bluetooth on without asking for permission, I thought I would retain my manners for the following sketch:

      Android/Processing Sketch 3: BluetoothChecker2
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      /*BluetoothChecker2: Written by ScottC on 17 March 2013

      If Bluetooth is already ON when you run this sketch,
      the background will display BLUE.

      If Bluetooth is OFF when you run this sketch but you
      agree to turn it on, the background will display GREEN.

      If Bluetooth is OFF when you run this sketch and then
      choose to keep it off, the background will display RED.

      =======================================================*/


      import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter;
      import android.content.Intent;
      int BACKGND=0; //Set the background to BLUE
      //Get the default Bluetooth adapter
      BluetoothAdapter bluetooth = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();

      /*The startActivityForResult() launches an Activity which is
      used to request the user to turn Bluetooth on.
      The following onActivityResult() method is called when the
      Activity exits. */

      @Override
      protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data){
      if(requestCode==0){
      if(resultCode == RESULT_OK){
      BACKGND=2;
      //Set the background to GREEN
      }
      else {
      BACKGND=1;
      //Set the background to RED
      }
      }
      }
      void setup(){
      orientation(LANDSCAPE);

      /*IF Bluetooth is NOT enabled,
      then ask user permission to enable it */

      if (!bluetooth.isEnabled()) {
      Intent requestBluetooth =
      new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);
      startActivityForResult(requestBluetooth, 0);
      }
      }
      void draw(){
      if(BACKGND==0){
      background(10,10,255);
      //Set background to BLUE
      }
      else if(BACKGND==1) {
      background(255,10,10);
      //Set background to RED
      }
      else {
      background(10,255,10);
      //Set background to GREEN
      }
      }

      I tried my best to explain the code via the comments within. I hope it made sense.


      Useful Links:

      Android Processing Wiki: http://wiki.processing.org/w/Android

      Here is a good tutorial which helped me put Processing and Android together:
      http://www.creativeapplications.net/android/mobile-app-development-processing-android-tutorial/

      And most importantly:
      The Android Developers site : Bluetooth



      Click here for PART TWO

      Click here for PART THREE

      Click here for PART FOUR

       
       



      If you like this page, please do me a favour and show your appreciation :

       
      Visit my ArduinoBasics Google + page.
      Follow me on Twitter by looking for ScottC @ArduinoBasics.
      Have a look at my videos on my YouTube channel.


       
       

       
       
       


      However, if you do not have a google profile...
      Feel free to share this page with your friends in any way you see fit.

      Bluetooth Tutorial 1


      Introduction:
      The bluetooth shield used in this project is a great way to detach the Arduino from your computer. What is even better, is that the shield allows you to control your arduino from your mobile phone or other bluetooth enabled device through simple Serial commands. In this tutorial we will connect a Grove Chainable RGB LED to the bluetooth shield directly, and send simple commands using the Bluetooth SPP app on a Samsung Galaxy S2 to change the colour of the LED (Red , Green and Blue)



      Parts Required:
      Freetronics Eleven or any compatible Arduino.
      Bluetooth shield
      Grove Chainable RGB LED
      Grove Wire connectors




      The Video:





      The Arduino Sketch:








      Arduino Code:
      You can download the Arduino IDE from this site.


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      /* This project combines the code from a few different sources.
      This project was put together by ScottC on the 15/01/2013
      http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/

      Bluetooth slave code by Steve Chang - downloaded from :
      http://www.seeedstudio.com/wiki/index.php?title=Bluetooth_Shield

      Grove Chainable RGB code can be found here :
      http://www.seeedstudio.com/wiki/Grove_-_Chainable_RGB_LED#Introduction

      */

      #include <SoftwareSerial.h> //Software Serial Port

      #define uint8 unsigned char
      #define uint16 unsigned int
      #define uint32 unsigned long int

      #define RxD 6 // This is the pin that the Bluetooth (BT_TX) will transmit to the Arduino (RxD)
      #define TxD 7 // This is the pin that the Bluetooth (BT_RX) will receive from the Arduino (TxD)

      #define DEBUG_ENABLED 1


      int Clkpin = 9; //RGB LED Clock Pin (Digital 9)
      int Datapin = 8; //RGB LED Data Pin (Digital 8)

      SoftwareSerial blueToothSerial(RxD,TxD);

      /*----------------------SETUP----------------------------*/
      void setup() {
      Serial.begin(9600); // Allow Serial communication via USB cable to computer (if required)
      pinMode(RxD, INPUT); // Setup the Arduino to receive INPUT from the bluetooth shield on Digital Pin 6
      pinMode(TxD, OUTPUT); // Setup the Arduino to send data (OUTPUT) to the bluetooth shield on Digital Pin 7
      pinMode(13,OUTPUT); // Use onboard LED if required.
      setupBlueToothConnection(); //Used to initialise the Bluetooth shield

      pinMode(Datapin, OUTPUT); // Setup the RGB LED Data Pin
      pinMode(Clkpin, OUTPUT); // Setup the RGB LED Clock pin

      }

      /*----------------------LOOP----------------------------*/
      void loop() {
      digitalWrite(13,LOW); //Turn off the onboard Arduino LED
      char recvChar;
      while(1){
      if(blueToothSerial.available()){//check if there's any data sent from the remote bluetooth shield
      recvChar = blueToothSerial.read();
      Serial.print(recvChar); // Print the character received to the Serial Monitor (if required)

      //If the character received = 'r' , then change the RGB led to display a RED colour
      if(recvChar=='r'){
      Send32Zero(); // begin
      DataDealWithAndSend(255, 0, 0); // first node data
      Send32Zero(); // send to update data
      }

      //If the character received = 'g' , then change the RGB led to display a GREEN colour
      if(recvChar=='g'){
      Send32Zero(); // begin
      DataDealWithAndSend(0, 255, 0); // first node data
      Send32Zero(); // send to update data
      }

      //If the character received = 'b' , then change the RGB led to display a BLUE colour
      if(recvChar=='b'){
      Send32Zero(); // begin
      DataDealWithAndSend(0, 0, 255); // first node data
      Send32Zero(); // send to update data
      }
      }

      //You can use the following code to deal with any information coming from the Computer (serial monitor)
      if(Serial.available()){
      recvChar = Serial.read();

      //This will send value obtained (recvChar) to the phone. The value will be displayed on the phone.
      blueToothSerial.print(recvChar);
      }
      }
      }


      //The following code is necessary to setup the bluetooth shield ------copy and paste----------------
      void setupBlueToothConnection()
      {
      blueToothSerial.begin(38400); //Set BluetoothBee BaudRate to default baud rate 38400
      blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+STWMOD=0\r\n"); //set the bluetooth work in slave mode
      blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+STNA=SeeedBTSlave\r\n"); //set the bluetooth name as "SeeedBTSlave"
      blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+STOAUT=1\r\n"); // Permit Paired device to connect me
      blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+STAUTO=0\r\n"); // Auto-connection should be forbidden here
      delay(2000); // This delay is required.
      blueToothSerial.print("\r\n+INQ=1\r\n"); //make the slave bluetooth inquirable
      Serial.println("The slave bluetooth is inquirable!");
      delay(2000); // This delay is required.
      blueToothSerial.flush();
      }


      //The following code snippets are used update the colour of the RGB LED-----copy and paste------------
      void ClkProduce(void){
      digitalWrite(Clkpin, LOW);
      delayMicroseconds(20);
      digitalWrite(Clkpin, HIGH);
      delayMicroseconds(20);
      }

      void Send32Zero(void){
      unsigned char i;
      for (i=0; i<32; i++){
      digitalWrite(Datapin, LOW);
      ClkProduce();
      }
      }

      uint8 TakeAntiCode(uint8 dat){
      uint8 tmp = 0;
      if ((dat & 0x80) == 0){
      tmp |= 0x02;
      }

      if ((dat & 0x40) == 0){
      tmp |= 0x01;
      }

      return tmp;
      }

      // gray data
      void DatSend(uint32 dx){
      uint8 i;
      for (i=0; i<32; i++){
      if ((dx & 0x80000000) != 0){
      digitalWrite(Datapin, HIGH);
      } else {
      digitalWrite(Datapin, LOW);
      }

      dx <<= 1;
      ClkProduce();
      }
      }

      // data processing
      void DataDealWithAndSend(uint8 r, uint8 g, uint8 b){
      uint32 dx = 0;

      dx |= (uint32)0x03 << 30; // highest two bits 1,flag bits
      dx |= (uint32)TakeAntiCode(b) << 28;
      dx |= (uint32)TakeAntiCode(g) << 26;
      dx |= (uint32)TakeAntiCode(r) << 24;

      dx |= (uint32)b << 16;
      dx |= (uint32)g << 8;
      dx |= r;

      DatSend(dx);
      }

      The code above was formatted using hilite.me

      Notes:
      You don't need to download a library to get this project running. But if you plan to use bluetooth shields to get 2 Arduinos to communicate to each other, then I would advise that you download the library files (which are just examples) from the Seeedstudio site : here.

      Visit this site to setup your phone or laptop for bluetooth communication to the shield - here

      The app used on my Samsung Galaxy S2 phone was "Bluetooth SPP"

      You will initially need to enter a pin of '0000' to establish a connection to the Bluetooth shield - which will appear as "SeeedBTSlave" or whatever text you place on line 90 of the Arduino code above.





      Warning !

      Not all phones are compatible with the bluetooth shield.
      If you have used this shield before - please let me know what phone you used - so that we can build a list and inform others whether their phone is likely to work with this project or not. Obviously - those phones that do not have bluetooth within - will not work :).
      And I have not tried any other apps either

      I got it to work very easily with my Samsung Galaxy S2 using the free Bluetooth SPP app from the google play store.

      This was fun, but I want to make my own app !
      Have a look at my latest 4-part tutorial which takes you step-by-step through the process of building your own app using the Processing/Android IDE.
      You can build your own GUI interface on your Android Phone and get it to communicate via Bluetooth to your Arduino/Bluetooth Shield. Click on the links below for more information:




       
       



      If you like this page, please do me a favour and show your appreciation :

       
      Visit my ArduinoBasics Google + page.
      Follow me on Twitter by looking for ScottC @ArduinoBasics.
      Have a look at my videos on my YouTube channel.


       
       

       
       
       



      However, if you do not have a google profile...
      Feel free to share this page with your friends in any way you see fit.

      Sonar Project Tutorial


      Introduction:
      This project utilises the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor to scan for nearby objects. You can program the Arduino to sound an alarm when the sensor detects an object within a specific vicinity. Connecting it to a computer allows data to be plotted to make a simple sonar scanner. The scanning ability is made possible through the use of a hobby servo motor SG-5010, and an Adafruit motor shield v1.0.
      This project could easily be extended to provide object avoidance for any robotics project. This tutorial was designed so that you could see how the components interact, and also to see how you can use and expand the functionality of the motor shield.



      Parts Required:
      Freetronics Eleven or any compatible Arduino.
      Adafruit motor shield v1.0
      HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
      MG-995  or SG-5010 Standard servo
      Mini Breadboard 4.5cm x 3.5cm
      Female header pins to allow easy access to the analog pins on the Motor Shield
      Piezo buzzer - to sound alarm
      9V Battery and Battery Clip
      Wiresto connect it all together

      Gauge parts:

      Paper (to print the face of the gauge), and some glue to stick it to the wood.
      MDF Standard panel (3mm width) - for the top and base of the gauge, and the pointer.
      Galvanized bracket (25x25x40mm)
      Timber screws: Hinge-long threads csk head Phillips drive (4G x 12mm)
      Velcro dots - to allow temporary application of the mini-breadboard to the gauge.

      The gauge was used as a customisable housing for the Arduino and related parts, and to provide some visual feedback of the servo position.



      The Video:




      The Arduino Sketch:


       Part of the sketch above was created using Fritzing.

      The Servo motor can be connected to either of the Servo motor pins (Digital 9 or 10). In this case, the Servo is attached to digital pin 10.Make sure you read the servo motor data sheet and identify the VCC (5V), GND, and Signal connectors. Not all servos have the same colour wires. My servo motor has a white signal wire, a red VCC wire and a black GND wire.

      Also when connecting your wires to the HC-SR04, pay attention to the front of the sensor. It will identify the pins for you. Make sure you have the sensor facing the correct way. In this sketch, the sensor is actually facing towards you.

      In this sketch - we connect the
          Echo pin to Analog pin 0 (A0).
          Trigger pin to Analog pin 1 (A1)
          VCC to a 5V line/pin 
          and GND to a GND line/pin

      Pay attention to your motor shield, I have seen some pictures on the internet where the 5V and GND are reversed.





      Arduino Code:
      You can download the Arduino IDE from this site.

      The motor shield requires the Adafruit motor shield driver library to be installed into the Arduino IDE.

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      /* ArduinoBasics: Sonar Project - Created by Scott C on 10 Jan 2013
      http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/2013/01/arduino-basics-sonar-project-tutorial.html

      This project uses the Adafruit Motor shield library (copyright Adafruit Industries LLC, 2009
      this code is public domain, enjoy!)

      The HC-SR04 sensor uses some code from the following sources:
      From Virtualmix: http://goo.gl/kJ8Gl
      Modified by Winkle ink here: http://winkleink.blogspot.com.au/2012/05/arduino-hc-sr04-ultrasonic-distance.html
      And modified further by ScottC here: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/
      on 10 Nov 2012.
      */

      #include <AFMotor.h>
      #include <Servo.h>

      // DC hobby servo
      Servo servo1;

      /* The servo minimum and maximum angle rotation */
      static const int minAngle = 0;
      static const int maxAngle = 176;
      int servoAngle;
      int servoPos;
      int servoPin = 10;


      /* Define pins for HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor */
      #define echoPin A0 // Echo Pin = Analog Pin 0
      #define trigPin A1 // Trigger Pin = Analog Pin 1
      #define LEDPin 13 // Onboard LED
      long duration; // Duration used to calculate distance
      long HR_dist=0; // Calculated Distance
      int HR_angle=0; // The angle in which the servo/sensor is pointing
      int HR_dir=1; // Used to change the direction of the servo/sensor
      int minimumRange=5; //Minimum Sonar range
      int maximumRange=200; //Maximum Sonar Range

      /*--------------------SETUP()------------------------*/
      void setup() {
      //Begin Serial communication using a 9600 baud rate
      Serial.begin (9600);

      // Tell the arduino that the servo is attached to Digital pin 10.
      servo1.attach(servoPin);

      //Setup the trigger and Echo pins of the HC-SR04 sensor
      pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
      pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
      pinMode(LEDPin, OUTPUT); // Use LED indicator (if required)
      }

      /*----------------------LOOP()--------------------------*/
      void loop() {

      /* check if data has been sent from the computer: */
      if (Serial.available()) {

      /* This expects an integer from the Serial buffer */
      HR_angle = Serial.parseInt();

      /* If the angle provided is 0 or greater, then move servo to that
      position/angle and then get a reading from the ultrasonic sensor */
      if(HR_angle>-1){
      /*Make sure that the angle provided does not go beyond the capabilities
      of the Servo. This can also be used to calibrate the servo angle */
      servoPos = constrain(map(HR_angle, 0,180,minAngle,maxAngle),minAngle,maxAngle);
      servo1.write(servoPos);

      /* Call the getDistance function to take a reading from the Ultrasonic sensor */
      getDistance();
      }
      }
      }

      /*--------------------getDistance() FUNCTION ---------------*/
      void getDistance(){

      /* The following trigPin/echoPin cycle is used to determine the
      distance of the nearest object by bouncing soundwaves off of it. */
      digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
      delayMicroseconds(2);

      digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
      delayMicroseconds(10);

      digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
      duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

      //Calculate the distance (in cm) based on the speed of sound.
      HR_dist = duration/58.2;

      /*Send the reading from the ultrasonic sensor to the computer */
      if (HR_dist >= maximumRange || HR_dist <= minimumRange){
      /* Send a 0 to computer and Turn LED ON to indicate "out of range" */
      Serial.println("0");
      digitalWrite(LEDPin, HIGH);
      } else {
      /* Send the distance to the computer using Serial protocol, and
      turn LED OFF to indicate successful reading. */
      Serial.println(HR_dist);
      digitalWrite(LEDPin, LOW);
      }
      }

      The code above was formatted using hilite.me

      Notes:
      Servo Angles: You will notice on line 22, the maximum servo angle used was 176. This value was obtained through trial and error (see below).

      Calibrating the servo angles
      You may need to calibrate your servo in order to move through an angle of 0 to 180 degrees without straining the motor. Go to line 21-22 and change the minAngle to 0 and the maxAngle to 180. Once you load the sketch to the Arduino/Freetronics ELEVEN, you can then open the Serial Monitor and type a value like 10 <enter>, and then keep reducing it until you get to 0. If you hear the servo motor straining, then move it back up to a safe value and change the minimum servo angle to that value. Do the same for the maximum value.

      In this example, the servo's minAngle value was 0, and maxAngle value was 176 after calibration, however, as you can see from the video, the physical range of the servo turned out to be 0 to 180 degrees.




      The Processing Sketch

      You can download the Processing IDE from this site.

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      /* Created by ScottC on 10 Jan 2013 
      http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/2013/01/arduino-basics-sonar-project-tutorial.html
      */

      import processing.serial.*;

      int distance;
      int angle=0;
      int direction=1;

      int[] alphaVal = new int[100]; // used to fade the lines
      int[] distance2 = new int[100]; // used to store the line lengths
      int lineSize = 4; // line length multiplier (makes it longer)

      String comPortString;
      Serial comPort;

      /*---------------------SETUP---------------------------*/
      void setup( ) {
      size(displayWidth,displayHeight); //allows fullscreen view
      smooth();
      background(0); // set the background to black

      /*Open the serial port for communication with the Arduino
      Make sure the COM port is correct - I am using COM port 8 */
      comPort = new Serial(this, "COM8", 9600);
      comPort.bufferUntil('\n'); // Trigger a SerialEvent on new line

      /*Initialise the line alphaValues to 0 (ie not visible) */
      for(int i=0; i<91; i++){
      alphaVal[i] = 0;
      }
      }

      /*---------------------DRAW-----------------*/
      void draw( ) {
      background(0); //clear the screen

      /*Draw each line and dot */
      for(int i=0; i<91; i++){

      /*Gradually fade each line */
      alphaVal[i]=alphaVal[i]-4;

      /*Once it gets to 0, keep it there */
      if(alphaVal[i]<0){
      alphaVal[i]=0;
      }

      /*The colour of the line will change depending on the distance */
      stroke(255,distance2[i],0,alphaVal[i]);

      /* Use a line thickness of 2 (strokeweight) to draw the line that fans
      out from the bottom center of the screen. */
      strokeWeight(2);
      line(width/2, height, (width/2)-cos(radians(i*2))*(distance2[i]*lineSize), height-sin(radians(i*2))*(distance2[i]*lineSize));

      /* Draw the white dot at the end of the line which does not fade */
      stroke(255);
      strokeWeight(1);
      ellipse((width/2)-cos(radians(i*2))*(distance2[i]*lineSize), height-sin(radians(i*2))*(distance2[i]*lineSize),5,5);
      }
      }

      /* A mouse press starts the scan. There is no stop button */
      void mousePressed(){
      sendAngle();
      }

      /*When the computer receives a value from the Arduino, it will update the line positions */
      void serialEvent(Serial cPort){
      comPortString = cPort.readStringUntil('\n');
      if(comPortString != null) {
      comPortString=trim(comPortString);

      /* Use the distance received by the Arduino to modify the lines */
      distance = int(map(Integer.parseInt(comPortString),1,200,1,height));
      drawSonar(angle,distance);

      /* Send the next angle to be measured by the Arduino */
      sendAngle();
      }
      }

      /*---------------------------sendAngle() FUNCTION----------------*/
      void sendAngle(){
      //Send the angle to the Arduino. The fullstop at the end is necessary.
      comPort.write(angle+".");

      /*Increment the angle for the next time round. Making sure that the angle sent
      does not exceed the servo limits. The "direction" variable allows the servo
      to have a sweeping action.*/
      angle=angle+(2*direction);
      if(angle>178||angle<1){
      direction=direction*-1;
      }
      }

      /*-----------------sketchFullScreen(): Allows for FullScreen view------*/
      boolean sketchFullScreen() {
      return true;
      }

      /*----------------- drawSonar(): update the line/dot positions---------*/
      void drawSonar(int sonAngle, int newDist){
      alphaVal[sonAngle/2] = 180;
      distance2[sonAngle/2] = newDist;
      }



      The Processing Output


       

      Arduino Basics: Google+ Page

      I have just set up a Google+ page for the Arduino Basics blog posts.
      If you haven't already tried it, Google+ is a great way to develop communities of like-minded individuals. It is a great way to share and ask questions. I held off from joining Google+, but now that I see it's advantages - I really like it. Anyway, I will still be blogging in the usual way, however, if you happen to be using Google+, please make sure to come and visit my page.

      Click on the link below to have a look:
      Arduino Basics Google+ Page.

      Feel free to leave a comment if you wish.


      Analog IR Temperature gauge


      Introduction:
      The IRTEMP module from Freetronics is an infrared remote temperature sensor that can be incorporated into your Arduino / microcontroller projects. It can scan a temperature between -33 to +220 C, and can be operated using a 3.3 to 5V power supply. It can be powered directly from the Arduino 5V pin.  This module can also provide an ambient temperature reading if required.
      The Servo used in this project is a SG-5010 standard servo which will be utilised to display the temperature reading from the IRTEMP module.



      Parts Required:
      Freetronics Eleven or any compatible Arduino.
      Freetronics IRTEMP module
      MG-995  or SG-5010 Standard servo
      Mini Breadboard 4.5cm x 3.5cm
      Protoshieldand female header pins (not essential - but makes it more tidy)
      9V Battery and Battery Clip
      Wiresto connect it all together

      Gauge parts:
      Paper (to print the face of the gauge), and some glue to stick it to the wood.
      MDF Standard panel (3mm width) - for the top and base of the gauge.
      Galvanized bracket (25x25x40mm)
      Timber screws: Hinge-long threads csk head Phillips drive (4G x 12mm)





      The Video:



      The Arduino Sketch:



           The above sketch was created using Fritzing.





      Arduino Code:
      You can download the Arduino IDE from this site.

      The IRTemp gauge requires a driver library to be installed into the Arduino IDE.
      The latest IRTemp driver library can be found here.

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      /* -------------------------------------------------------
      Analog IR Temperature Gauge: written by ScottC on 1st Dec 2012.
      http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/2012/12/arduino-basics-analog-ir-temperature.html


      * Some of the code was adapted from a sketch by Andy Gelme (@geekscape)
      * For more information on using the IRTEMP
      see www.freetronics.com/irtemp

      * IRTemp library uses an Arduino interrupt:
      * If PIN_CLOCK = 2, then Arduino interrupt 0 is used
      * If PIN_CLOCK = 3, then Arduino interrupt 1 is used
      ---------------------------------------------------------*/

      #include "IRTemp.h"
      #include <Servo.h>

      Servo servo1;
      static const byte PIN_DATA = 2;
      static const byte PIN_CLOCK = 3; // Must be either pin 2 or pin 3
      static const byte PIN_ACQUIRE = 4;

      static const bool SCALE=false; // Celcius: false, Farenheit: true

      /* Used to capture the temperature from the IRTEMP sensor */
      float irTemperature;
      int temp;

      /* The minimum and maximum temperatures on the gauge. */
      static const int minTemp = -45;
      static const int maxTemp = 135;


      /* The servo minimum and maximum angle rotation */
      static const int minAngle = 0;
      static const int maxAngle = 175;
      int servoPos;

      IRTemp irTemp(PIN_ACQUIRE, PIN_CLOCK, PIN_DATA);



      /*----------------------SETUP----------------------*/

      void setup(void) {

      servo1.attach(9); // turn on servo
      }


      /*-----------------------LOOP-----------------------*/

      void loop(void) {
      irTemperature = irTemp.getIRTemperature(SCALE);
      printTemperature("IR", irTemperature);

      /* If you want the ambient temperature instead - then use the code below. */
      //float ambientTemperature = irTemp.getAmbientTemperature(SCALE);
      //printTemperature("Ambient", ambientTemperature);

      }

      /*-----------printTemperature function---------------*/

      void printTemperature(char *type, float temperature) {

      temp=(int) temperature;
      servoPos = constrain(map(temp, minTemp,maxTemp,minAngle,maxAngle),minAngle,maxAngle);

      if (isnan(temperature)) {
      //is not a number, do nothing
      }
      else {

      /* To test the minimum angle insert the code below */
      //servoPos = minAngle;

      /*To test the maximum angle, insert the code below */
      //servoPos = maxAngle;

      /* Rotate servo to the designated position */
      servo1.write(servoPos);
      }
      }

      The code above was formatted using hilite.me

      Notes:
      Ambient temperature: If you want to get the ambient temperature from the IRTEMP module, then have a look at lines 58-59.
      Servo Angles: You will notice on line 36, the maximum servo angle used was 175. This value was obtained through trial and error (see below).

      Calibrating the servo angles
      You may need to calibrate your servo in order to move through an angle of 0 to 180 degrees without straining the motor.Change the minAngle on line 35to a safe value (for example: 10), and the maxAngle on line 36 to a value like 170. Remove the comment tag (//) on line 76, and then run the sketch. Lower the minAngle until it reaches the minimum value on the gauge, making sure that the servo doesn't sound like it is straining to keep it in position.

      Add the comment tag (//) back in, and then take out the comment tag for line 79. And follow a similar process, until you reach the maximum value on the gauge. Once again, make sure that the servo is not making a straining noise to hold it at that value. Make sure to add the comment tag back in, when you have finished the calibration.

      In this example, the servo's minAngle value was 0, and maxAngle value was 175 after calibration, however, as you can see from the video, the physical range of the servo turned out to be 0 to 180 degrees.




      The Temperature Gauge Picture

      The following gauge was created in Microsoft Excel using an X-Y chart.  Data labels were manually repositioned in order to get the desired numerical effect.




      HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor


      Introduction:

      The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor is a very affordable proximity/distance sensor that has been used mainly for object avoidance in various robotics projects . It essentially gives your Arduino eyes / spacial awareness and can prevent your robot from crashing or falling off a table. It has also been used in turret applications, water level sensing, and even as a parking sensor. This simple project will use the HC-SR04 sensor with an Arduino and a Processing sketch to provide a neat little interactive display on your computer screen.



      Parts Required:
      Freetronics Eleven or any compatible Arduino.
      HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
      Mini Breadboard 4.5cm x 3.5cm
      Protoshieldand female header pins (not essential - but makes it more tidy)
      Wiresto connect it all together




      The Video:




      The Arduino Sketch:



           The above sketch was created using Fritzing.





      Arduino Code:
      You can download the Arduino IDE from this site.

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      /*
      HC-SR04 Ping distance sensor:
      VCC to arduino 5v
      GND to arduino GND
      Echo to Arduino pin 7
      Trig to Arduino pin 8

      This sketch originates from Virtualmix: http://goo.gl/kJ8Gl
      Has been modified by Winkle ink here: http://winkleink.blogspot.com.au/2012/05/arduino-hc-sr04-ultrasonic-distance.html
      And modified further by ScottC here: http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com.au/2012/11/arduinobasics-hc-sr04-ultrasonic-sensor.html
      on 10 Nov 2012.
      */


      #define echoPin 7 // Echo Pin
      #define trigPin 8 // Trigger Pin
      #define LEDPin 13 // Onboard LED

      int maximumRange = 200; // Maximum range needed
      int minimumRange = 0; // Minimum range needed
      long duration, distance; // Duration used to calculate distance

      void setup() {
      Serial.begin (9600);
      pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
      pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
      pinMode(LEDPin, OUTPUT); // Use LED indicator (if required)
      }

      void loop() {
      /* The following trigPin/echoPin cycle is used to determine the
      distance of the nearest object by bouncing soundwaves off of it. */
      digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
      delayMicroseconds(2);

      digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
      delayMicroseconds(10);

      digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
      duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

      //Calculate the distance (in cm) based on the speed of sound.
      distance = duration/58.2;

      if (distance >= maximumRange || distance <= minimumRange){
      /* Send a negative number to computer and Turn LED ON
      to indicate "out of range" */
      Serial.println("-1");
      digitalWrite(LEDPin, HIGH);
      }
      else {
      /* Send the distance to the computer using Serial protocol, and
      turn LED OFF to indicate successful reading. */
      Serial.println(distance);
      digitalWrite(LEDPin, LOW);
      }

      //Delay 50ms before next reading.
      delay(50);
      }

      The code above was formatted using hilite.me





      Processing Code:
      You can download the Processing IDE from this site.

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      /* The following Processing Sketch was created by ScottC on
      the 10 Nov 2012 : http://arduinobasics.blogspot.com/

      Inspired by this Processing sketch by Daniel Shiffman:
      http://processing.org/learning/basics/sinewave.html

      */
      import processing.serial.*;


      int numOfShapes = 60; // Number of squares to display on screen
      int shapeSpeed = 2; // Speed at which the shapes move to new position
      // 2 = Fastest, Larger numbers are slower

      //Global Variables
      Square[] mySquares = new Square[numOfShapes];
      int shapeSize, distance;
      String comPortString;
      Serial myPort;

      /* -----------------------Setup ---------------------------*/
      void setup(){
      size(displayWidth,displayHeight); //Use entire screen size.
      smooth(); // draws all shapes with smooth edges.

      /* Calculate the size of the squares and initialise the Squares array */
      shapeSize = (width/numOfShapes);
      for(int i = 0; i<numOfShapes; i++){
      mySquares[i]=new Square(int(shapeSize*i),height-40);
      }

      /*Open the serial port for communication with the Arduino
      Make sure the COM port is correct - I am using COM port 8 */
      myPort = new Serial(this, "COM8", 9600);
      myPort.bufferUntil('\n'); // Trigger a SerialEvent on new line
      }

      /* ------------------------Draw -----------------------------*/
      void draw(){
      background(0); //Make the background BLACK
      delay(50); //Delay used to refresh screen
      drawSquares(); //Draw the pattern of squares
      }


      /* ---------------------serialEvent ---------------------------*/
      void serialEvent(Serial cPort){
      comPortString = cPort.readStringUntil('\n');
      if(comPortString != null) {
      comPortString=trim(comPortString);

      /* Use the distance received by the Arduino to modify the y position
      of the first square (others will follow). Should match the
      code settings on the Arduino. In this case 200 is the maximum
      distance expected. The distance is then mapped to a value
      between 1 and the height of your screen */
      distance = int(map(Integer.parseInt(comPortString),1,200,1,height));
      if(distance<0){
      /*If computer receives a negative number (-1), then the
      sensor is reporting an "out of range" error. Convert all
      of these to a distance of 0. */
      distance = 0;
      }
      }
      }


      /* ---------------------drawSquares ---------------------------*/
      void drawSquares(){
      int oldY, newY, targetY, redVal, blueVal;

      /* Set the Y position of the 1st square based on
      sensor value received */
      mySquares[0].setY((height-shapeSize)-distance);

      /* Update the position and colour of each of the squares */
      for(int i = numOfShapes-1; i>0; i--){
      /* Use the previous square's position as a target */
      targetY=mySquares[i-1].getY();
      oldY=mySquares[i].getY();

      if(abs(oldY-targetY)<2){
      newY=targetY; //This helps to line them up
      }else{
      //calculate the new position of the square
      newY=oldY-((oldY-targetY)/shapeSpeed);
      }
      //Set the new position of the square
      mySquares[i].setY(newY);

      /*Calculate the colour of the square based on its
      position on the screen */
      blueVal = int(map(newY,0,height,0,255));
      redVal = 255-blueVal;
      fill(redVal,0,blueVal);

      /* Draw the square on the screen */
      rect(mySquares[i].getX(), mySquares[i].getY(),shapeSize,shapeSize);
      }
      }

      /* ---------------------sketchFullScreen---------------------------*/
      // This puts processing into Full Screen Mode
      boolean sketchFullScreen() {
      return true;
      }

      /* ---------------------CLASS: Square ---------------------------*/
      class Square{
      int xPosition, yPosition;

      Square(int xPos, int yPos){
      xPosition = xPos;
      yPosition = yPos;
      }

      int getX(){
      return xPosition;
      }

      int getY(){
      return yPosition;
      }

      void setY(int yPos){
      yPosition = yPos;
      }
      }

      The code above was formatted using hilite.me

       
       



      If you like this page, please do me a favour and show your appreciation :

        Visit my ArduinoBasics Google + page.
      Follow me on Twitter by looking for ScottC @ArduinoBasics.
      Have a look at my videos on my YouTube channel.


       
       

       
       
       



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      Feel free to share this page with your friends in any way you see fit.

      Arduino UNO - XBee Setup

      There are many XBee tutorials out there, but I could not find one that I could apply to my specific Arduino/Shield/Xbee configuration. While this particular configuration may not apply to you, perhaps it will send you in the right direction, so please read on.
      Please note, that your XBee shield may require you to perform extra steps, so please do further reading before jumping in head first. I am not an expert, so don't blame me if you fry your board.

      The following set of steps worked for me:


      Step 1: Download and Install X-CTU

      The easiest way to setup your XBee module is via the X-CTU software from Digi. It can be downloaded from their site here:  http://www.digi.com/support/productdetail?pid=3257

      • Select  the Diagnostics, Utilities and MIBs section


      • Download and install the XCTU 32-bit ver 5.2.7.5 installer (do a virus check after download)
      • Please note that this is for Windows platforms only

      • FYI: We will run the software later



      Step 2: Upload the bare-minimum script on your Arduino controller

      I perform this step to prevent any previous projects from interfering. This may not be necessary, but I tend to do this before wiring up any of my new projects. This is the script I load onto the Arduino:

      Bare Minimum Arduino Sketch:
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      void setup() {

      }

      void loop() {

      }




      Step 3: Connect the Shield to Arduino, and XBee to Shield.


      • Disconnect the Arduino UNO from the computer. 

      • Insert the XBee module into the Shield.
      • This is the XBee Shield and XBee module side by side




        This is the XBee module on the XBee Shield


      • The pins from the XBee module should slot into the respective headers on the Shield.


      • Connect the XBee shield to the Arduino

      • The pins from the XBee shield should slot into the respective headers on the Arduino board.



      • Move the little white switch in the corner to USB.

        • There are 2 options - USB mode and XBee mode.
        • We want USB mode which will allow the computer to communicate with the XBee module



      Step 4: Connect Arduino to computer, and run the X-CTU Software


      • With the XBee module and Shield connected to the Arduino, and the Shield's white switch in USB mode;  connect the Arduino to the computer using a USB cable.
      • This Arduino board appears as COM7 on my computer.
      • Here is what the X-CTU software looks like when it loads up




      • Press the Test / Query button to see if the computer can talk to the XBee module.
        • If successful, you should see something like this:





      • If you accidentally leave the XBee shield in XBee mode, or if your computer fails to communicate with the XBee module, you may encounter these screens.


      If you get a successful Test / Query, then move onto the next step.


      Step 5: Read XBee Firmware settings:

      We can now try to read the XBee firmware settings by
      • Selecting the Modem Configuration Tab

      • Select the Read button to read the XBee firmware settings


      Step 6: Download older version of firmware if necessary

      • If you did not have any issues with the previous step, then continue to step 7, otherwise read on.
      • In my case, the software could not find the firmware file necessary to read the firmware settings.
      • In step 4, I could see that I had the XB24 Modem type, and 10E8 firmware version,

      • I tried downloading new versions, but this did not seem to work, as the computer could not detect any newer updates available. The problem I had, was that I needed an "older version" of firmware to communicate with the XBee module in order to read/write new settings to it.
      • I could not select the firmware version from the drop down boxes, which indicated that this particular firmware version was not installed on my computer. So here is what I did.
        • I went back to the Digi site and selected the Firmware update section.
        • This provided a link to an FTP site with "previous versions" of firmware.





      • I then selected the relevant firmware version from the list, and downloaded the zip file to a logical folder on my hard-drive.  There is no need to unzip the file, because the X-CTU software will look for a zipped file.



      • In the X-CTU software, in the Modem Configurations tab, select the "Download new versions button", and select File. Navigate to the zip-file just downloaded and select it. 


      • The software should tell you that it has updated successfully or something to that effect.
      • The modem type and version should now be an available option in the drop down boxes, however, we will continue where we left off (in step 5) and try an read the firmware settings from the XBee module, by pressing the Read button in the Modem Configurations tab on the X-CTU software.
      • It should look something like this:

      TO BE CONTINUED.......